Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/354

 tose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, sorbitol, salicin, dulcitol, trehalose, inositol, cello- biose, melezitose or adonitol. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lac- tose, dextrin, mannose, arabinose, rham- nose, xylose, raffinose, inulin, mannitol, salicin, dulcitol, galactose, trehalose, inositol, cellobiose, melezitose, adonitol, glycogen, starch, chitin, asparaginate, succinate, malate, fumarate (0.5 per cent), lactate, pyruvate (0.3 per cent), acetate, /3-alanine, glucosamine, ethanol, methanol and tertiary' butanol are utilized as carbon sources. Malonate, tartrate, citrate, levuli- nate, propionate, salicylate, valerate, oxa- late, butyrate, mandelate, benzoate (0.5 per cent), n-amyl alcohol, n-propanol and lumichrome are not utilized as carbon sources. Starch is hydrolyzed. Chitin is hydrolyzed. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Ammonia produced from peptone. Urease-negative. Casein is hj^drolyzed. Trimethj'lamine is produced from tri- methjdamine oxide but not from choline or betaine. Growth not inhibited by 10 per cent NaCl. Aerobic, facultative. Optimum temperature, between 20° and 30° C. Growth at 4° C. Source: Isolated from marine mud. Habitat: Found in sea water. Addendum: Species incertae sedis. Ben- ton (Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 449) describes but does not name 17 types of chitinovorous bacteria isolated from water, mud and plankton of fresh-water lakes, from decay- ing May flj' nj^mph shells, intestinal con- tents of fish, frogs, bats, snipe and craj'fish, and from shore soil, composts, etc. Twelve types are reported to be monotrichous, two to be peritrichous, and the position of the flagella is not given in three types. Of two Gram-positive types, one may have been a spore-former and the other an organism belonging in the family Corynebacteriaceae. Two of the 17 t3^pes digested cellulose. ZoBell and Rittenberg (Jour. Bact., 35, 1938, 275) isolated and studied but did not name 31 cultures of chitinoclastic bacteria from marine sources. Out of 16 cultures studies intensively, all were Gram-nega- tive. All but 4 of the 31 cultures were motile. One culture was a coccus and two species were vibrios. None of these cultures di- gested cellulose. Hock (Jour. Marine Res., 4, 1941, 105) describes two species of motile rods that attack chitin without, however, determin- ing the type of flagellation. If these species are reisolated and found to be peritrichous, they should be placed in the genus Beneckea Campbell. In addition to the cultures described above, Campbell and Williams (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 5, 1951, 894) isolated and de- scribed three other chitinoclastic species which they identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas or Micrococcus. FAMILY IV. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE RAHN, 1937.* (Zent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 96, 1937, 280.) En.te.ro.bac.te.ri.a'ce.ae. M.L. noun enterobacterium an intestinal bacterium; -aceae ending to denote a family; M.L. fem.pl.n. Enterobacteriaceae the family of the enterobac- teria. Straight rods. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella or non-motile. Gram-negative. Grow well on artificial media. All species attack glucose producing acid or acid and visible E. G. D. Murray, University of Western Ontario, Canada, have prepared the general sec- tions for family Enterobacteriaceae, October, 1955. Other contributors, as noted, have pre- pared the sections covering the various groups within this family.
 * The late Prof. Robert S. Breed, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, and Prof.