Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/229

 Bloch reports that sugars are utilized in developing cell substances. Wattie finds that there is evidence of slight acid production from glucose, lactose, xylose and mannitol, whereas Butterfield finds no action on all sugars tested. In addition to the sugars named above, these included sucrose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, raffinose, melizitose, dextrin and salicin. Ptire-culture "activated sludges" formed bj' this species have been shown to produce a high rate of oxidation of the pollutional material in sewage (synthetic and natural), oxidizing about 50 per cent of the 5-day bio- chemical oxygen demand in a 5-hour aera- tion period and about 80 per cent in a 24- hour interval. Nitrogenous materials are not included in this oxidation as this species is not capable of such action. Temperature relations: Optimum, be- tween 28° and 30° C. Good growth at 20° and at 37° C. Minimum, 4° C. Optimum pH, 7.0 to 7.4. Strict aerobe. Distinctive characters: Oxidizes sewage and other organic solutions. Also see McKinney and Horwood (Sewage and Ind. Wastes, 2^, 1953, 117), who found other floc- forming organisms besides Zoogloea ramigera in activated sludge; these were identified as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia intermedia, Paracolohactrum aerogenoides and Nocardia actinomorpha. A species of Flavobacterium was also found in the floes in association with these species. Source: Originally (1867) found in a cul- ture of decomposing algae. It has been re- peatedly found in materials containing de- composing plant materials and sewage and is especially common in the floes formed in the activated sludge process of purifying sewage. Habitat: Produces zoogloeal masses in water containing decomposing organic mat- ter. Common.

2. Zoogloea filipendula Beger, 1928. (Kl. Mitt. d. Ver. f. Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthyg., Berlin-Dahlem, 4, 1928, 143; also see Beger, Zent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 154, 1949, 61.) fi.li.pen'du.la. L. nounfilum a thread; L. adj. penduhis hanging down; M.L. adj. filipendulus thread hanging down. Description prepared by Prof. H. Beger, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. Cells coccoid (0.8 micron in diameter) to rod-shaped (0.8 by 2.0 microns). The cells are surrounded by a gelatinous mass which varies in size from 1.5 to 2.0 by 4.5 cm and which is composed of numerous, more or less spherical masses 3 to 5 mm long. The largest cells completely fill the newly formed globules which lie at the end of filaments hanging downward from zoogloeal masses suspended from the under surface of pump pistons and other submerged objects; the cells in the older globules are smaller (0.4 by 0.7 micron) and are found near the sur- face of the globule, the interior being rela- tively free of cells. Several other bacteria are found in asso- ciation with this species. As a result, the gelatinous mass appears rust-colored (cov- ered with iron bacteria) when found in acid waters and grayish white when isolated from water that is neutral. Nutrient gelatin: Only the small forms, such as those found in older globules, are able to grow on this medium. Substantial growth occurs at the bottom of the stab in 48 hours. Source: Isolated from pump pistons and other submerged objects from a waterworks near Berlin. f Habitat: Found in water contaminated with sewage or industrial wastes.

Note: Species incertae sedis: For species that resemble those placed in the genus Zoogloea Cohn in many important respects, see Nevskia ramosa Famintzin and Myco- nostoc gregarium Cohn. Additional species have also been placed in the genus Zoogloea.

(Elazari-Volcani, Studies on the Microflora of the Dead Sea. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jeru- salem, 1940, V and 59; not Halibacterium Fischer, Ergebnis.se der Plankton-E.xpedition der