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 be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. ARTICLE VIII BAIL AND FINES

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX RESERVATION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X RESERVATION OF STATE AND CIVIL RIGHTS

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. [The first ten amendatory articles were proposed by the First Congress, September 25, 1789, and notification of their ratification was received from all the States except Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts.] ARTICLE XI

LIMITATION OF JUDICIAL POWERS The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

[Proposed by the Third Congress, and Congress notified of its adoption January 8, 1798.]