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Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry 1. Factual Background 251

a) Allegations of misuse of force by MoI units 253

b) The Clearing Operations of the GCC Roundabout 253

c) Ministry of Interior Riot Control Operations 255

d) Ministry of Interior Checkpoints 256

e) The Use of Force by BDF Units 257

f) The Use of Force by NSA Units 258

g) The Use of Force by National Guard Units 258

2. Applicable Law 258

a) International Law 258

b) National Law 259

3. Findings and Conclusions 261

SECTION C -- MANNER OF ARRESTS 263

1. Factual Background 263

a) The Treatment of Women and Children present during Arrests 265

b) Destruction of Property 267

c) Theft of Property 268

2. Applicable Law 269

a) International Law 269

b) National Law 270

3. Findings and Conclusions 274

SECTION D -- TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN CUSTODY 276

1. Factual Background 276

a) General Pattern of Mistreatment 279

b) Specific techniques of mistreatment 281

c) Procedures of the Commission`s investigation team 284

d) Challenges Faced by the Investigation 285

e) Forensic Evidence 285

2. Applicable Law 287

a) International Law 287

b) National Law 288

3. Findings and Conclusions 290

4. Recommendations 295

SECTION E -- DETENTION AND PROSECUTION IN CONNECTION WITH EXPRESSION, ASSOCIATION AND ASSEMBLY 296

1. Factual Background 296

2. Applicable Law 301

a) International Law 301

b) National Law 302

3. Findings and Conclusions 305

4. Recommendations 307

SECTION F -- ALLEGATIONS OF ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES 307

1. Introduction 307

2. Factual Background 307