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Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (11) Unlawful arrests and mistreatment conducted by the authorities 197

(12) Lack of access to medical care 200

(13) Bahrain Television and other government officials media campaign against the accused medical personnel 201

B. APPLICABLE LAW 203

1. International Law 203

2. National Law 204

C. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 207

CHAPTER VI -- ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE PERSON 214

SECTION A -- DEATHS ARISING OUT OF THE EVENTS 214

Part 1 -- Deaths Arising out of the Events 214

a) Factual Background 214

b) Applicable law 215

(1) International Law 215

(2) National Law 216

c) Findings and Conclusions 218

(1) Civilian deaths attributed to security forces 218

(2) Deaths attributed to torture 220

(3) Civilian deaths not attributable to a perpetrator 221

(4) Deaths of expatriate workers 221

(5) Deaths of police officers and BDF personnel 222

d) Recommendations 223

Part 2 -- Case-by-Case Analysis 223

a) Deaths Attributed to Security Forces 223

(1) Deaths caused by the use of a shotgun 223

(2) Deaths caused by the use of a firearm 228

(3) Death Caused by Physical 232

b) Deaths Not Attributable to Specific Perpetrators 233

c) Deaths Caused by Torture 237

d) Deaths of Expatriate Workers 241

(1) Expatriate workers killed by Mobs 241

(2) Expatriate workers killed by security forces 242

(3) unattributed deaths 243

e) Deaths of Police Officers and BDF Personnel 244

(1) Police officers and BDF personnel killed by demonstrators 244

(2) Killed by the security forces 245

(3) Unattributed Deaths 247

f) Deaths that took place outside the Commission`s temporal mandate 247

SECTION B -- USE OF FORCE BY GOVERNMENT ACTORS 251