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 However, vowels represented by َ alone without a following ‫ و‬are always romanized as u.

3. The letter ‫ ى‬in final position may represent the long vowel romanized á, in addition to the vowels romanized ī and ı. This occurs in Arabic names, such as:

4. Vowel points are used sparingly in Azerbaijani publications, and additional diacritics used to differentiate between some vowels may vary or be omitted. For romanization, they must be supplied from a dictionary.

RULES OF APPLICATION

Letters Which May Be Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context

1. ء (hamzah)
 * (a) When initial, ‫ ء‬is not represented in romanization.


 * (b) When medial or final in words of Perso-Arabic origin, ‫ ء‬is romanized as ’ (alif), except when it represents the phonetic sound e (as in men), in which case it is romanized by e.

2. [not available by itself] (maddah)


 * (a) Initial ‫ آ‬is romanized ā.


 * (b) Medial ‫آ‬, when it represents the phonetic combination ’ā, is so romanized.

3. َ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned. ‬ Note the exceptional case where َ is written over ‫ و‬and ‫ ى‬to represent the combination of long vowel plus consonants.