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1. Hither hath stridden this spotted steer, hath sat upon his mother in the east, and going forward to his father, the heaven (svàr).

2. He moves between the shining spaces, from the breath of this outbreathing [universe]; the bull (mahiṣá) hath looked forth unto the heaven (svàr).

3. Thirty domains (dhā́man) he rules over; voice, the bird, hath set up, to meet the day with the lights of morning.

This translation is one of despair, and of no value, like the others that are given of the verse. Taken by itself, the first pāda is well enough, and seems most naturally (as noted above) to refer to the thirty days of the moon's synodical revolution, or spaces of the sky traversed by it in them; to understand it of the thirty divisions of the day (muhūrta) looks like an anachronism; and thirty gods (Ludwig) is wholly senseless. ⌊Roth observes: Ushas, in returning to her point of departure, traverses thirty yojanas (RV. i. 123. 8): the path of the light around the world thus appears to be divided into thirty stages.⌋ The variety of reading of the texts indicates, as in many other like cases, the perplexity of the text-makers. RV. (with SV.VS.) has, for b, vā́k pataṁgā́ya dhīyate; TS. and MS. have. pataṁgā́ya, but TS. follows it with çiçriye, and MS. with