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112 Rule of the Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century "; " II frate dominatore" (1873); and a poem, " Le Mila di Marsala " (1873). Many biographies ot Garil)aldi have been written, including those by W. Robson (London, 1860); by Theodore Dwight, (New York, 1860); and by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862). An interesting autobiography appeared after his death, under the title "Garibaldi: Me- morie autobiografiche " (Florence, 1888).

GARLAND, Hamlin, author, b. in West Salem. Mass.. 14 Sept., 1860. He removed to the west with his parents and was educated in the common schools of Mitchel county, Iowa, and at Cedar Valley semi- nary, Osage, Iowa, where he was graduated in 1881. Mr.Garland has devoted himself to lecturing on lit- erary and artistic subjects, and to literature. lie has published " Main Travelled Roads " (Boston, 1890; new edition, with additional stories, New York, 1899): "A Little Norsk" (New York, 1891); " Jason Edwards " (Boston, 1891); " A Member of the Third House " (Chicago, 1892); " A Spoil of Office" (Boston, 1892): •' Prairie Polks" (Chicago, 1893): " Prairie Songs " (1893): •' Crumbling Idols " (1894); " Rose of Dutcher's Coolly" (1896); •' Wav- sideCourtships " (1897); " Life of Gen. U. S. Grant" " (1898); and "The Trail of the Goldseekers " (1899).

GARRETT, Andrew, conchologist, b. in Al- bany, N. Y., 9 April, 1823; d. on the island of Iluahine, Society group, 1 Nov., 1887. At eighteen vears of age he went to sea, and in 1 848 he began col- lecting shells in the islands of the South Pacific, which he made his special field of research for many years, besides exploring the coasts of South America, the Kast and West Indies, and the Sand- wich and other islands. He made collections also of plants, birds, fishes, and other objects in natural history. For ten years he was engaged in the in- terests of the Goddefroi museum, Hamburg, and he was also as.sociated with Prof. Louis Agassiz. His private collection of shells consisted of 30,000 examples of about 8.000 species, representing al- most every known part of the globe. Mr. Garrett was a member of various scientific societies and an acknowledged authority among conchologists. He published " Andrew Garrett's Fische der Sudsee," in six parts, edited by Dr. Albert Giinther, of the British museum (1873, etc.), and papers on " Land and Fresh- Water Shells of the South Sea Islands," with plates, " New Species of Fishes of the Sand wich Islands," and " New Species of South Sea Shells."

GARY, James Albert, manufacturer, b. in Uncasville, Conn., 22 Oct., 1833. He was educated at Allegheny college, Pennsylvania. He removed with his parents to Maryland in 1840, and in 1861 became a partner with his father in the Alberton cotton-mills. His father dying in 1870, the son succeeded to the business, and has conducted it ever since. He was nominated as a Whig for the state senate of Maryland in 1858, but was defeated, and was one of the three delegates from his county to the Union convention in 1861 at the Mar^vland institute, espousing the Union cause. He was a delegate to the national Rejiublican convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and was in that year nomi- nated as a Republican for congress, but was de- feated. He was a delegate to the national Repub- lican conventions of 1876, 1884, 1892, and 1896. He is vice-president of the Citizens' national bank of Baltimore and of the Consolidated gas company, a director of the American fire and insurance com- pany, in the Trust and guarantee company and Savings bank of Baltimore, and connected with other corporations and enterprises. Mr. Ciary was appointed by President McKinley postmaster-gen- eral, 5 March, 1897, and confirmed the same day.

GAST, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, b. in Lancaster county. Pa., 17 Oct., 1835. He was graduated at Franklin and JIarshall college in 1856, studied theology in the seminary of the Re- formed church at Mcreersburg, Pa., and was or- dained to the ministry in 1859. He served two pastoral charges, and during part of the civil war was chaplain of the 45th regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. In 1867 he became rector of the academy of Franklin and Marshall college, and in 1871 he was appointed tutor in the theological seminary, when it was transferred from Mercers- burg to Lancaster. In 1873 he was elected pro- fessor of Hebrew and Old Testament theology He received the degree of D. D. in 1877 from Waynesburg college, is a member of various learned societies, and has contributed numerous articles to theological quarterlies and magazines, principally on subjects connected with the lan- guage and literature of the Old Testament.

GATLIN, Richard Caswell, soldier, b. in Le- noir county, N. C, 18 Jan., 1809; d.at Fort Smith, Ark., 9 Sept., 1896. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy, 1 July. 1828, and entered the army as brevet 3d lieutenant, 7th infantry. He served in the Seminole war in Florida until its close in 1842, and in 1845 accompanied his command to Corpus Cliristi, where it became a part of the army of ob- servation under Gen. Zachary Taylor, lie was severely wounded at the battle of Monterey, and was brevetted major, 23 Sept.. 1846, for gallant and meritorious conduct. He resigned, 20 May, 1861, having attained to the full rank of major. In June, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of Nortli Carolina state troops, and assigned to the command of the coast defences of Wilmington. He was appointed colonel of the corps of infantry in the Confederate states army, to date from 16 March, 1861, and brigadier-general in the provisional army of the Confederate states, 8 July, 1862, which he resigned, 8 Sept., 1862, and was then appointed ad- jutant-general of the state of North Carolina.

GAY, Claude, scientist, b. in Draguignan, France, 18 March, 1800; d. in Paris. 29 Nov., 1872. He was educated in his native town, but went in 1818 to Paris and studieii natural science under Cuvier, Dcsfontaines, and Jussieu. After making botanical explorations of Italy, Greece, and Asia, he accepted a professorshifi in a French college in Chili. He arrived in Valparaiso in De- cemlier, 1828, and soon his scientific works were so well known that in 1830 the secretary of the in- terior, Portales, commissioned him to make an ex- ploration of the territory of the republic and to study its geography, natural history, industry, and commerce. After long excursions, seeing that his geodesic observations could not be exact for lack of proper instruments, he went to France, where he had them constructed under his personal super- vision and returned in 1834 to Chili, where for seven years he explored the whole republic, the Chiloe archipelago, and the Juan Fernandez group. Besides taking barometrical and ast ronomical meas- urements and observing the declination of the mag- net, he formed an extensive museum of natural history for Santiago, and President Manuel Bulnes conferred on him in 1841 Chilian citizenshi|>, and obtained from congress authority to have his work printed in Paris by the Chilian government. He returned to Paris in 1843. and for many years labored assiduously to prepare his great book on Chili for publication. He was elected a member of the French institute in 1856. travelled in the two following years in Russia and Tart ary, and in 1859 was commissioned by the Academy of sciences to