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620 gradually became convinced of its necessity. During the deliberations of the council his scholarship and theological ability produced a marked impression. After his return to Baltimore in 1870 he made a visitation of his diocese. delivered lectures for the benefit of local charities, built fine parochial schools near his cathedral, and began the Church of St. Pius. Archbishop Spalding acquired great reputation as a lecturer and pulpit orator. He con- tributed largely to the Roman Catholic literature of the country, and takes high rank as a reviewer. He was for some time one of the editors of the "United States Catholic Magazine." His principal works are "D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation Reviewed " (Baltimore, 1844, London. 1846; Dublin, 184G); "Sketches of the Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky 1787-1826-7" (Louisville, 1846) ; Lectures on the General Evidences of Christianity" (1847; 4th ed.. Baltimore, 1866); "Life, Times, and Character of the Rt. Rev. H. J. Flaget" (Louisville, 1852); "Miscellanea: comprising Reviews, Lectures, and Essays on Historical, Theological, and Miscellaneous Subjects" (1885): and "History of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, and in England, Ireland, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and Northern Europe" (2 vols., 1860). He also edited, with an introduction and notes, Abbe Darras's "General History of the Catholic Church" (4 vols., New York, 1866). The life of Archbishop Spalding has been written by his nephew, John Lancaster Spalding, bishop of Peoria (New York, 1872). His brother. Benedict Joseph, clergyman, b. in Marion county, Ky., 15 April. 1812; d. in Louisville, Ky., 4 Aug., 1868, studied at St. Mary's college, and entered the diocesan seminary in Bardstown. Ky. In 1832 he went to the College of the propaganda, where he was graduated five years later, and then entered the priesthood of the Roman Catholic church. On his return to the United States in 1837 he taught for a time in the theological seminary of St. Thomas, and was afterward made agent of St. Joseph's college. In 1840. with the Rev. John Hutchins, he established a seminary for boys in Breckinridge county, which they carried on for two years. Mr. Spalding returned to Bardstown in 1842 to accept the vice-presidency of St. Joseph's college, and continued in that place until 1844, when he was made pastor of the church of St. Joseph, in Bardstown. In 1847 he was called to the charge of the cathedral church in Louisville, and was appointed vicar-general of the diocese. These offices he held until his death, with two exceptions, when during the vacancy of the see he was invested by his superiors with the administration of the bishopric. He received no salary beyond his food and clothing, but gave largely of his own private fortune to those that were in need. Father Spalding was greatly beloved by both Roman Catholics and Protestants for his blameless life, his liberality, and his self-sacrificing disposition. His nephew, John Lancaster, R. C. bishop, b. in Lebanon, Ky., 2 June, 1840, was educated in the United States" and in Europe, ordained in 1863, and attached to the cathedral of Louisville as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, of which he was appointed pastor. He was soon afterward made chancellor of the diocese and secretary to the bishop. He left Louisville in 1873 and came to New York, where he did missionary work in the parish of St. Michael's, becoming noted as an eloquent preacher and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria was created in 1877 his appointment was recommended to the pope, and he was accordingly consecrated bishop of the new see on 1 May by Cardinal McCloskey in the cathedral of New York. His administration has been marked by energy, and he has had signal success in developing the resources of his diocese. In 1877 it contained 75 churches, 51 priests, and about 45,000 Roman Catholics. In 1887 there were 163 churches, 113 priests, 12 clerical students. 32 religious institutions, 9 academies, 41 parochial schools, an orphan asylum, and 5 hospitals. Bishop Spalding has given much attention to the question of emigration, and his efforts have attracted numerous emigrants to the west. He has also labored successfully to establish a Roman Catholic university in the United States, and his plans for carrying out this enterprise were adopted by the council of Baltimore in 1884. He is a contributor to Roman Catholic periodicals and reviews and the author of a "Life of Archbishop Spalding" (New York. 1872): "Essays and Reviews" (1876); "Religious Mission of the Irish People" (1880); and " Lectures and Discourses" (1882). Their kinswoman. Catherine, first superior of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, b. in Charles county, Md., 23 Dec., 1793; d. in Louisville. Ky.. 20 March. 1858, was left an orphan at the age of four, and was brought up by an aunt in Kentucky. In 1813 she became a member of a new society of Sisters of Charity, which had been instituted the year before by Bishop David. She was made superior, and, under the patronage of the bishop, opened the convent of Nazareth. In 1814 she established a boarding- and day-school near the convent, which increased rapidly in numbers and reputation. In 1816 the order was regularly organized, and Mother Spalding and two of her associates were allowed to take the ordinary vows. In 1819 she sent a colony of sisters to Bardstown, who established the Bethlehem day-school, and in 1820 St. Vincent convent was founded in Union county. She opened St. Catherine's school in Scott county in 1823. It was afterward removed to Lexington, where it still exists, and is regarded as one of the community's most flourishing establishments. The Academy of the Presentation was opened in Louisville in 1831, of which Mother Spalding took personal charge. She also began the founding of St. Vincent's orphan asylum, in which afterward provision was made for 200 orphan girls, and opened an infirmary. The rest of her life was spent principally in caring for the wants of orphan children, or in visiting the poor and sick of the city. The illness of which she died was contracted while she was hastening through the snow to aid a poor family that lived at some distance from the asylum. Mother Spalding belonged to a family that is distinguished in the annals of the Roman Catholic church in the United States. She was nearly related to Archbishop Spalding and Archbishop Elder.

SPALDING, Rufus Paine, jurist, b. in West Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 3 May, 1798; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 29, Aug., 1886. He was graduated at Yale in 1817, and subsequently studied law under Zephania Swift, chief justice of Connecticut, whose daughter, Lucretia, he married in 1822. In 1819 he was admitted to practice in Little Rock, Ark., but in 1821 he went to Warren, Ohio. Sixteen years later he moved to Ravenna, Ohio, and he was sent to the legislature in 1839-'40 as a Democrat, serving as speaker in 1841-'2. In 1849 he was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio for seven years, but when, three years later, the new state constitution was adopted, he declined a re-election and began practice in Cleveland. In