Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 5).djvu/649

Rh the " New York Ledger." Many of Mrs. South- worth's works have been translated into French, German, and Spanish, and have been republished in London. Paris, Leipsic, Madrid, and Montreal.

SOUTHWORTH, Nathaniel, artist, b. inScitu- ate, Mass.. in 1806 ; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 25 April. l*.~>s. He took high rank in Boston, where h>' r-talili.-hfd himself as a miniature-painter, his portraits being characterized by accurate drawing and very delicate execution. In 1S48 he visited Europe. 'and after his return practised his profes- sion in New York and Philadelphia.

SOUTMAN, Cornelius, South American ex- plorer, b. near Berbice, Dutch Guiana, in 1686 ; d. iu Harlem. Holland, in 1751. He studied at Ley- den, and returned to Guiana after the death of his father to assume the management of his estate. The general peace of 1713 afforded him facilities to follow his natural tastes, and he explored the three Guianas, crossed to Brazil, and was making botanical researches on the banks of the Oyapoc river when an uprising of the negroes compelled him to flee, abandoning his papers, which were lost. He was captured in the basin of the Ouanari by his pursuers, and, although he was rescued from the stake by a party of friendly Indians, he never afterward completely recovered from the injuries that he had suffered. In 1723 he vis- ited Batavia and the Sunda archipelago, doubled Cape Horn, visited Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, Saint Eustatius, and several of the West Indies, and made a valuable collection of medicinal plants. From 1732 till 1739 he was deputy governor of Surinam. Failing health decided him to reside in Europe, and he settled in Harlem, devoting his la-t yi-ars to the culture of tulips and endeavoring to naturalize in his fine garden tropical and medici- nal plants from Guiana. His works include " Be- schryving van Cayenne en Surinam, gelegen op het vaste landt van Guyana in Amerika" (The Hague, 1722): "Besehryving eener Reis in Zuid- Amerika. bevattende verschillende beschouvingen on trent medicinale planten in Brazilie en Guya- na" (Amsterdam, 1729); "Reis naar Cayenne en in het binnenland van Guyana en Brazilie " (1732) ; " Besehryving van Batavia en van de Eilanden van het Sonda archipel " (1735) ; and " Geschiedenis der planten van Guyana, in orde gebracht volgens de sexueele methode" (Harlem, 1746).

SOUVESTRE, Henry Vietnrnien, Chevalier de, French naval officer, b. near Rochefort in 1729 ; d. at sea. 12 April, 1782. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1744. and fought at Louisbourg and in the campaign in Canada in 1756- ? 9. After the conclusion of peace he was attached to the station of North America, and made a cruise in 1771 to Halifax and Newfoundland to determine the longi- tude of several points. When France declared war against England in 1778 he commanded a frigate and was ordered to the West Indies, where he cap- tured several English privateers. Joining after- ward Vaudreuil's division, he was employed to con- vey troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and participated under De Guichen in the engagements of 17 April and 15 and If) May. 1780. When Count de Grasse left for Chesapeake bay, 5 July, 1781, Souvestre assumed command of the few frigates that were left at the disposal of the Marquis de Bouille, and successfully < >pposed the English forces in the West Indies, repelled their landing in Mar- tinique and Dominica, and conveyed the French troops that captured St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Martin in 1781. Joining Vaudreuil's division early in 1782. he assisted at the battle off Dominica, 12 April, 1782, and through his suggestion Vau- dreuil, when he saw the perilous position of De Grasse, assumed command of the whole fleet. While carrying Vaudreuil's orders to the other divisions Souvestre was killed.

SOUZA, Martini Alfonso de, Portuguese gover- nor, b. in Coimbra nriir the end of tin' loth century; d. in Goa, India, about 1550. The coast of South America, of which Cabral had taken possession for the crown of Portugal in 1500, had been visited only occasionally by Portuguese vessels, but when King John III. heard that many French vessels came to the coast of Brazil he resolved to colonize the country. In December, 1530, he despatched from Lisbon a fleet of five sail and four hundred men, the command of which was given to Souza, a young officer, with the title of governor of New Lusitania, and extraordinary powers to distribute land and exercise civil and" criminal jurisdiction. Capturing three French vessels loaded with Brazil- wood, he touched the American coast at Cape St. Augustine, whence he despatched Diogo Leite with two ships to explore the coast northward to Amazon river, while he continued to the south, entering Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, where he remained for some time to construct two brigantines and take fresh water. Continuing his voyage to the south, he anchored, on 12 Aug., 1531, at the island of Ab- rigo, where from some Spanish settlers he obtained reports of rich mines. He landed near Cananea, and sent into the interior an expedition of eighty men, who perished at the hands of the Indians. On 26 Sept. he continued to the south, but his flag- ship was wrecked in the mouth of the river Chuy, and he despatched his brother to explore the river Plate. On 22 Jan.. 1532, he founded the first Por- tuguese colony in Brazil on an island to which he gave the name of Sao Vicente. The Indians of the locality showed signs of hostility, but Souza re- ceived the unexpected assistance of Joao Ramalho, who had been shipwrecked long ago on the coast, and had received aid and protection from the sav- ages. He arrived with the chief Tybirica at Sao Vicente, and made a treaty between the hostile Indians and Souza, who thenceforward always re- ceived assistance and support from the savages. Besides this colony. Souza. by the advice of Ra- malho, also founded that of Piratininga on the bank of the river of that name. He sent his brother with a report of his discoveries to Portugal, and established in the neighborhood of the colony the first sugar-mill in the country, having brought cane- plants from the island of Madeira. In 1533 he was recalled to his native country to consult about the partition of the newly erected hereditary captain- cies, but, although he was given the richest one, that of Sao Vicente, he did not return, but in 1534 sailed for India, where he acquired great mili- tary fame and died. His brother, Pero Lopes, b. in Coimbra about 1500 ; d. on the coast of Mada- gascar in 1539. had served in the navy against the Mediterranean corsairs, when, in 1530, he was ap- pointed by his brother commander of one of the vessels of the expedition to Brazil. He took a principal part in the capture of the French ships, and the command of the largest prize was awarded to him. After saving Martim Affonso from the shipwreck at Chuy, he was sent with his two vessels to explore the river Plate, with orders to rally at the island of Palmas. He sailed on 23 Nov., en- tered the estuary of the Plate, and b>-yond the con- fluence of the Uruguay explored the Parana, for a considerable distance above 30 S., returning on 27 Dec.. 1531. Having joined his brother at Palmas, he participated in the foundation of Sao Vicente, and in May, 1532, was sent with despatches to For-