Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 5).djvu/646

612 several months. Finally he was released and wrnt tn Na an. whence, in the autumn of 1862. he ran the blockade at Charleston ami tendered his ser- vices to Gen. Beauregard. After serving on his MatT fur -mill; time a- an honorary member, Mr. Soule went to Richmond in 18(Jo, and was com- ini-- ioned a brigadier-general to raise a foreign le- gion : Imt the plan was not carried out. .Mr. Soul,'- then went to Havana. In the summer of 1804 he became connected with Dr. William M. Gwin in the latter's scheme for settling Sonera, in Mex- ico, with immigrants from California. This W as a project patronized liy Napoleon III.; the Con- federate government had no connection with it. It failed through disagreement between Maximil- ian and Dr. Gwin. When, at the close of the war, Mr. Soule returned to New Orleans, though his health was broken and his fortune was gone, he resumed the practice of his profession, but in l*ns he had to give up all work. Soulc's remarkable powers of eloquence were acknowledged by Henry ( lay and Daniel Webster. The effect of his glow- ing periods was deepened by a strong, clear, and mellow voice anil by a massive and imposing form, a noble head, with long, glossy, black locks, tla-h- ing black eye-, and an "live-tinted face, which a- cast in the mould of the great Napoleon's and was full of expres-ioii.

SOULE, Richard (sole), lexicographer, b. in Diixbury, Mass., 8 June, 181-1: d. in St. Louis. MIL. ','"> Dec., 1877. He Was il>--eended ill the -ilil generation from George Soule, who was one of the signers of the compact on the " Mayflower." Rich- ard was graduated at Harvard in 1832 and was a civil engineer till 1838. From 1840 till is:.:; he engaged in sugar-refining, and after 1855 he de- voted himself to literary pursuits. Must of his life va- spent in Boston. He was a member f the school committee of that city in 1848 and 1S4M. and of the legislature in the latter year. Fnnii is:,:, till is.-j!i Mr. Soule had supervision of the corps of editors t hat assisted Dr. Joseph E. Worces- ter in the preparation of bis quarto dictionary. He published "Memorial of the Sprague Family," a poem, with genealogical and biographical notes (Boston, 1847) ; " Manual of English Pronuncia- tuiii and Spelling, with a Preliminary Exposition "f English Orthoepy and Orthography," with Will- iam A. Wheeler (1861); "Dictionary of I, Svnoiivmes" (1871); and "Pronouncing Hand- Book," with Loomis J. Campbell (1873).

SOULOUQUE, Faustin Elie (soo-look), Hay- tian emperor under the name of FAUSTIN- I., b. in Petit Goave in 1785; ,1. there li Aug.. IN;;. He was a negro slave of the Mandingn race, but was treed by the decree of Felicite Sonthonax, is- sued 29 Aug., 1793. and took part in the civil war that i aged in the island, and in 1803 in the negro insurrection against the French. He became in islll a lieutenant in the horse-guards of President Alexandra Pet ion. and was promoted captain by President Jean Boyer. but in 1843 joined the party of Rivierc-llerard. who made him a colonel. He was promoted brigadier-general by President Guer- rier and lieutenant-general by President Jean Riche, and. after the death of the latter in Febru- ary, 1847, while rival aspirants were, disputing and plottingfor the -nee,., -ion, theleadersof the senate agreed to elect an old and incapable negro general. Senators Ardouin and Dupuy nominated Soulouque. urging in his favor that he was unable to ivad or write, and he was unexpectedly elected on 1 March, l-i; ; bin. in-lead of proving a tool in the hands of the senators, he showed a strong will, and. al- though by his antecedents belonging to the mulat- to party, he began to attach the blacks to his in- terest. The mulattoes retaliated by conspiring : but Soulouque began to decimate his enemies 1> eon i fiscatiou, proscriptions, and executions. The black soldiers began a general massacre in Port an Prince, which ceased only after the French con- sul. Charles Reybaud, threatened to order the land- ing of marines from the men-of-war in the harbnr. Ambitious to unite the two parts of the island, Soulouque invaded the Dominican territory in March, 1849, with 4.0IK) men. but was defeated in a decisive battle by Pedro Santana near Ocoa on 21 April and compelled to retreat. Despite tin- failure of the campaign, he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor on 2H Aug.. 1849. under the name of Faustin I., apparently by the will of the people and the unanimous action of parliament. He surrounded himself with a numerous court, created dukes and other nobles, founded military and civil orders, and issued a constitution, reserv- ing to himself the right to rule at any juncture as he pleased. On 18 April, 1852. with his wife Ade- lina, a woman of questionable character, whom he had married in December, 1849. against the a<h ice nf his lieutenants, he was crowned with ^r-at pomp by the vicar of Port au Prince, in imitation of the ceremonial at the coronation of Napoleon I. Toward the close of 1855 he invaded the Domini- can territory auain .-it the head of an army of 8,600 men, but was again defeated by Santana. and barely escaped being captured. His treasure and i rown fell into the hands of the enemy. In the following year a new campaign was again unsuc- cessful, and two years later there was a commer- cial crisis in the island. Insurrections began in several counties, but they were put down. In De- cember, 1858, Gen. Fabre Geffrard put himself at the head of the movement, and, after some en- counters with the imperial troops, entered Port au Prince, 15 Jan., 1859, Soulouque's soldiers refusing to fight. He took refuge at the French consulate, and, protected in his flight by Geffrard. sailed with his family on board the British ship "Melbourne" for Jamaica, arriving in Kingston on 22 Jan. with great riches, consisting of jewelry, diamonds, and money, although his property in Hayti was confis- cated. After the accession of Salnave in March, 1867, he was permitted to return to Hayti, and died soon ,af terward.

SOUPE, Marie Joseph (soo-pay), French physician, b. in Asnieres in 1738 ; d. in Paris in 1794. lie studied principally contagious diseases, and presented to the Academy of sciences a memoir in which he asserted that he had discovered the real cause of the plague known as the black cholera, which raged in Europe and Asia in the 14th century. He was surgeon in the Hotel Dieu at Paris when news was received that cholera had broken out in Callao, and at the invitation of the academy Soupe went to Peru to study its effects in 17*3. He arrived in Callao when the disease was at its height and the city was nearly deserted by physicians, and, offering his services to the authorities, was appointed a member of the sanitary council. He divided the city into relief wards, and. by pulling down old wooden houses and Indian hut- in or near the city, contributed to ward off a greater calamity from Callao. Before returning to France he visited Lima and other large cities, went on botanical e|>cdiiions in the Andes, and. pa--mu to Chili, collected an herbarium of about 500 medicinal plants (l7S4-'(i). His report to the academy was criticised, a- he claimed that cholera was a poisonous blood disease, ami suggested as its remedy a treatment by spirits, which he said he