Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 5).djvu/47

PINEYRO rid, 1629), which, in a revised edition (3 vols., 1737), has become the greatest bibliography of works, either manuscript or printed, regarding South America: "Tratado de conftrmaciones reales, que se requieren para las [ndias Oeeidentales " (1630) ; " Cuestion moral : si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno ecelesiastico " (1636); " Tablas Cronologicas " (1645); " Aparato politico de las Indias Oeeiden- tales" (1653); "Vida de Santo Toribio arzobispo ilr Lima " (1653) ; " El Paraiso en el Nuevo Mundo " (1656); and " Acuerdos del Concejo de Indias" ( H;.">XI. Pinelo left also several manuscripts, some of which have been published since his death. Tlie-i- include " Politica de las Indias" (Madrid, (1829); " Bulario Indico" is a code of the canonical laws in force in South America (1829): " Historia del Supremo Concejo de las Indias " ; ' Las ha- zanas de Chile con su historia " ; " Fundacion y historia de la ciudad de Lima " : ' Descubrimiento y historia de Potosi " ; and " Itelacion de la pro- vineia_de Quiche y Lacandon."

PIXEYRO, Enrique (peen-yay'-ro). Cuban au- thor, b. in Havana in 1839. He studied in his na- tive city, and in 1863 was admitted to the bar. After a tour on the European continent he returned to Havana, where he founded in 1865 the " Revista del Pueblo," a literary and critical review, and prac- tised his profession. In 1869 he emigrated to the United States on account of the Cuban insurrection, and founded in New York a review under the title of " El Mundo Nuevo." He has published "Bio- grafia del General San Martin " (New York. 1870) : "Morales Lemus via Revolucion Cubmw" (1S72): " Estudios y Conferencias " (1880); and " Poetas famosos del Siglo XIX." (Paris. 1883).

PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver- mont, b. in Salisbury, N. H., 2 Aug., 1832. The family name, formerly written Pengry, was changed by his father to Pingry. and by himself and his 1 in 'i hers to Pingree. He was educated at Dart- mouth, in the class of 1857, studied law. was ad- mitted to the bar in 1859. and began practice at Hartford. Yt. At the beginning of the civil war he assisted in recruiting a company, and went to the field as 1st lieutenant. He was promoted cap- tain in August, 1861, was disabled by wounds that he received at Lee's Mills, and after returning to his regiment was commissioned as major, 37 Sept., 1862. On 15 Jan., 1863, he was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel. He took part in the severest fight- ing of the Army of the Potomac, and after the battle of the Wilderness, where all the field-officers of the 2d Vermont infantry were killed or wounded, was placed in command of that regiment. He was mustered out on 27 July. 1864. and returned to the practice of law in Hartford. He was state attorney for Windsor county in 1867-'8, and a member of the Republican national convention in 1868. In 1882 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and in 1SS4 was chosen governor of the state.

PINHEIRO, Sylvestre Ferreira (peen-yi'-e- ro), Marquis de, Portuguese statesman, b. in Lis- bon, 31 Dec., 1769 ; d. there in September. 1847. He was destined for the church, and entered the Oratorians as a novice, but left the convent on ob- taining the chair of philosophy in the University of Coimbra. His liberal ideas soon excited the op- position of the clergy, and he fled in 1797 to Eng- land, to escape imprisonment. Afterward he became secretary of the Chevalier de Araujo, Portuguese minister to Paris, and in 1802 was promoted charge d'affaires in Berlin, but was dismissed in 1807 on request of Napoleon. He immediately rejoined the royal family in Brazil, and was appointed a mem- ber of the board of trade and assistant secretary of state. In 1809 he was sent as minister to Buenos Ayres to organize a court of claims and settle the boundary between the Spanish and Portuguese dominions, but he declined. He became afterward a member of the privy council, and wrote several memoirs, advocating the enfranchisement of the I slaves and a parliamentary government for Brazil and Portugal. In 1815 he opposed the return of Joao VI. to Lisbon, and after the revolution of Porto in 1821 became secretary of foreign relations and war. anil proposed to the king a plan to quell the rebellion. In spite of his strenuous efforts, the weak monarch determined to return to Lisbon, ap- pointed Dom Pedro regent, and left Bahia in un-al. haste. Pinheiro tried to change the king's resolution, but, all efforts proving unavailing, he accompanied Joao to Lisbon in 1822. and was secretary of state till the suppression of the constitu- tional government in April, 1824, when he resigned and resided in Paris, living till 1834, occupied in literary labors. After the expulsion of Dom Miguel he returned to Lisbon, but continued to re- main in private life till his death. Pinheiro's works include " Memoria sobre os vicios da administracao Portugueza " (Bahia, 1811) : " Memoria sobre os meios de destruir a escravidao no Brazil " (1812) ; " Jlemoria sobre um governo representative corn- mum ao Portugal e ao Brazil " (1814) : " Synopse de codigo do processo civil " (Paris, 1825) ; " Observa- coes sobre a carta constitucional do reino de Por- tugal, e la constitucao do imperio do Brazil " (3 vols., 1831); "Principes de droit public, constitu- tionel, administratif et desgens" (1834); "Obser- vations sur la constitution du Bresil, et la charte constitutionelle du Portugal" (1835); and " Pro- jecto de codigo para la nacao portugueza " (1839).

PINILLOS, < lamlio M. de (pe-neel'-yos). Count of Villanueva. Cuban statesman, b. in Havana in October. 1782; d. there in 1853. When very young he went to Spain, entered the army, and took part in the war against the French in 1808. He was sent to Cuba in 1814, and in 1825 appointed general superintendent of the finances of the island, filling this office during twenty-five years. In 1825 the income of Cuba was only $2.000,000, but in 1837 it had risen to $37,000.000, which was due in great part to his wise measures. He built, many public schools, hospitals, and roads, and in 1834 contrib- uted to the construction of the first railroad in a Spanish-speaking country. To his efforts was due the creation of a nautical college, an extensive chemical laboratory, an aqueduct, and many other public institutions, for the scientific, literary, and industrial development of Cuba. He is considered one of the greatest benefactors of the island.

PINKERTON, Allan, detective, b. in Glasgow, Scotland. 25 Aug., 1819: d. in Chicago, 111., 1 July, 1884. He became a Chartist in early manhood, came to this country in 1842 to escape imprisonment, and settled in Chicago, 111. He was made deputy sheriff of Kane county in 1846. was subsequently deputy sheriff of Cook county, and in 1850 was appointed the first detective for Chicago. He also established Pinkerton's detective agency in that year, and from that date till the emancipation was largely engaged in assisting the escape of slaves, lie was the first special U. S. mail agent i for northern Illinois and Indiana and southern Wisconsin, organized the U. S. secret service division of the National army in 1861, was its first chief, and subsequently organized and was at the | head of the Secret service department of the Gulf 1 till the close of the civil war. He added to 'his detective agency in Chicago in 1860 a corps of nightwatchmen, called Pinkerton's preventive watch.