Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 5).djvu/434

408 father, who was a farmer and blacksmith, removed to Essex county, N. Y., where the son's youth was spent in manual labor and in attending" the common schools at intervals. At seventeen years of age, by an arrangement with his father, he became the master of his own time, and in 1847, when he had saved about $2,000. he removed to Wisconsin. After two years of farming he went to Algoma (now part of Oshkosh) and engaged in the lumber business, in which he was very successful and won a reputation for integrity. He was chosen to the legislature in 1857 and 1861, served as mayor of Oshkosh in 1863-'4, and was a delegate to the Loyalists' convention of 1866. He was chosen to congress as a Republican in 1864, and served by successive re-elections from 1865 till 1875, declining a renomination. In 1881 he was elected U. S. senator, and he was re-elected in 1887. He has been a delegate to the National Republican conventions of 1864, 1876, and 1880. In the lower house of congress .Air. Sawyer served for some time as chairman of the committee on the Pacific railroad, and as a member of the committees on commerce, manufactures, and invalid pensions. Both there and in the senate he has been known as a valuable working member, but he seldom takes the floor. He has given $12,000 toward a building for the Young men's Christian association in Oshkosh, and contributed liberally to other religious, benevolent, and educational enterprises.

SAWYER, Sylvanus, inventor, b. in Templeton, Mass., 15 April, 1822; d. there, 25 Oct., 1895. His father was a mill-owner and lumberman, and from childhood the son showed great mechanical ingenuity. While he was a lad he invented a reed-organ that embodied many of the features of those that are now in use. From about his twelfth till his twenty-first year feeble health unfitted him for farm labor, and he occupied himself largely with carpenter's and smith's tools. In 1839 he went to Augusta, Me., with a view of working with his brother-in-law, a gunsmith, and, though his health soon forced him to return, he gained knowledge that enabled him to repair fire-arms and do much similar work, in which he engaged till his majority. During this time he also made several inventions, including a steam-engine, a screw-propeller, and a car to be operated by foot-power. He went to Boston about 1843, and, while working in a machine-shop there, invented a machine for preparing chair-cane from rattan. Thousands of dollars had been spent in vain attempts to construct such a machine, but Mr. Sawyer's was successful, and after it was patented, in June, 1851, he and his brother Joseph established a shop at East Templeton, where they manufactured chair-cane by its means. In the following December the American rattan company was formed to use their machine, and erected a large shop in Fitchburg, Mass. Mr. Sawyer devised several auxiliary machines, and, besides serving as director, was manager of the company's shop. His inventions have entirely revolutionized the chair-cane business, transferring it from southern India, China, and Holland to this country. In the summer of 1853 he invented improvements in rifled cannon projectiles, which were patented in 1855. These embrace the placing of a coating of lead or other soft metal on the rear and sides of the shell, which is expanded laterally by the discharge and prevents the &ldquo;windage&rdquo; or passage of gas by the projectile, also filling the grooves of the rifling and obviating the use of helical projections; and the arrangement of a percussion-cap so as to insure the explosion of the shell on impact. In 1857-'8, with his brother Addison,

Mr. Sawyer conducted experiments on his invention, at his own expense, for the benefit of the U. S. ordnance bureau, and after thorough tests it was approved, and the secretary of war announced that the practicability of rifled cannon and projectiles had at last been demonstrated. It was recommended that four field-guns be issued for practice, but before the order was carried into effect the civil war had begun. The 42-pounders (rifle) columbiads were mounted at Newport News and upon the Rip Raps (Fort Wool), the latter being the only guns there that could reach Sewell's Point battery, a distance of three and one-half miles, which they did with great accuracy, and made fearful havoc with the railroad-iron-clad batteries. An 18-pounder Sawyer rifle also did great execution on board the steamer &ldquo;Fancy.&rdquo; Mr. Sawyer claimed that he was treated unjustly by the ordnance officers during the civil war. Notwithstanding the report in his favor, his guns were not extensively adopted, but his improvements were incorporated in others that, he said, were infringements on his patents. He was advised by government officials to wait till the war had ended and then prosecute the chiefs of ordnance of the army and navy; but they both died shortly after its close, and nothing had been done in the matter. But he received several orders for guns directly from department commanders, to whom he furnished the first batteries of cast-steel rifled guns made in this country. He made other improvements in projectiles in 1861-'2, and in 1864-'5 built a shop for the manufacture of ordnance; but the close of the wars in this country and South America caused it to be turned to other uses. He took out patents on dividers and calipers in 1867, a steam-generator in 1868, a sole sewing-machine in 1876, and a centring watchmaker's lathe in 1882. He subsequently engaged in the manufacture of watchmakers' tools, but soon retired from business, and took much interest in agriculture. He had served as an alderman in Fitchburg.

SAWYER, Thomas Jefferson, clergyman, b. in Reading, Vt., 9 Jan., 1804 : d. in Medford. Mass., 24 July, 1899. He was graduated at Middlebury, was pastor of a Universalist church in New York city, where he also edited the "Christian Messenger." In the year 1845 he became principal of Clinton liberal institute. Oneida county, where he also taught theology. In 1852 he returned to his charge in New York, but in 1861 he retired to a farm at Clinton, where he lived in retirement, declining the presidencies of St. Lawrence university, Canton, N. Y., Lombard university, 111., and Tufts college, Mass., which he had been instrumental in founding in 1852. He was also active in establishing the theological school of St. Lawrence university in 1856. In 1863-'6 he edited the " Christian Ambassador," and he then resided on a farm in New Jersey till 1869, when he became proles T ,,f theology in Tufts. Prof. Sawyer had defended i he doctrines of Universalism in the press, and in public discussions with clergymen of other denominations. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1850, and he is a member of the Theological historical society of Leipsic. Besides contributions to dennminal i' 'mil literal nre. lie ha- publi bed in 1 k- form " Letters to Rev. Stephen Remington in Review of his ' Lectures on Universalism ' " (New York, 1839); " Review of Rev. E. F. HalfieM'- Universalism as it Is'" (1843); "Endless Punishment," and other discourses (1845) ; "Memoirs of Rev. Stephen R. Smith" (Boston, 1852); discussions with Rev. Isaac Westcott on "The Doctrine of Endless Misery" (New York, 1853) and "The Doctrine of Universal Salvation" (1854); "Who is Our God, the