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374 Francis -an Fathers at Oldenburg and at Indian- ai >i ilis. the Fathers O. M. C. at Terre Haute, and the Brothers of the Sacred Heart. The following fe- inali' urilrrs also owe their advent in the diocese to his administration : the Sisters of St. Francis, the Nuns of the Order of St. Benedict, the Daughters of Charity, the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Little Sisters of the Poor, the Ursuline Sisters, and the Sisters of St. Joseph.

SAINT PIERRE, Legardenr Jacques de (san- pe-air), French soldier, b. in Normandy in 1698 ; d. near Lake George, Canada, in 1755. He went in early youth to Canada as ensign in a regiment of marines, served against the Iroquois, and took a commendable part in the war of 1740 against the English. In 1752 he was sent on a journey of discovery toward the Rocky mountains, which he was among the first to explore, and. on his return in October, was ordered by Gov. Duquesne to Ohio, where the French had fust built Fort de Bceuf upon French creek, which commanded the route to Alleghany river. On 11 Dec. he received there George Washington, then adjutant-general of Vir- ginia, who brought a letter from Gov. Dinwiddie inviting the French to withdraw from English territory. According to the journal of Washing- ton, printed at Williamsburg just after his re- turn, he was extremely well received by Saint Pierre, whom he depicts as an able and courteous commander. In the spring of 1753 Saint Pierre was superseded by Contrecu-nr and appointed commander of the Indian auxiliaries, and in that capacity he rendered great services in Baron Dies- kau's expedition. He was subsequently killed in the action where Whiting's regiment was routed. Saint Pierre's account of his journey to the Rocky mountains is preserved in the National library of Paris, and has been published in the collection of John Gilmary Shea (New York, 18f>2). It is en- titled " Memoire ou journal sommaire de Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre."

ST. REAL, Joseph Remi Vallieres de, Ca- nadian jurist, b. in Markham, Upper Canada (or, according to some accounts, in Quebec), 1 Oct., 1787; d. in Montreal, 17 Feb., 1847. He went to reside with an uncle in Quebec, where his aptitude for learning attracted the attention of Bishop Plessis, who took the boy to reside with him, and personally superintended his education. He after- ward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, ai;d began practice in Quebec. In 1813 he was elected to the assembly for the county of Cham- plain, and at once allied himself with the Canadian party in the house, then engaged in a struggle for what they regarded as constitutional liberty. Dur- ing the absence of M. Papineau on a mission in England, lie was chosen speaker of the assembly, and during the administration of Sir James Kempt, in is^s, ,r appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, where he remained for several years. Sir Charles Bagot appointed him chief justice of Mon- treal in 1842. From that time until his death he was infirm in health. In 1839 the governor of Canada, Sir John Colborne, had requested Judge I )e St. Real to grant a writ of habeas corpus in the case of Judges Panet and Bedard, suspended by Sir John some time before. Judge De St. Real re- fused, and was in consequence suspended from office, and suffered much loss.

SAINT SIMON, Claude Henri. Count de, French philosopher, b. in Paris, France. 17 Oct., 1711(1; d. there, 19 May, 1825. His education, that of the nobility of his time, was in the direction of philosophy. He entered the army in 1777, and was sent to this country as the commander of a company under the Marquis de Bouille in 1779. He remained with the French forces, acquitting iiimself with gallantry until the surrender at York- town. Like many of his brother French officers, he was made a life-member of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. On the voyage home the French squadron, under the Comte de Grasse, was defeated by Admi- ral Rodney on 12 April, 1782, and the vessel on which Saint Simon had embarked surrendered ind he himself was made a prisoner and taken to Jamaica, where he remained until the declaration of peace in 1783. Before returning to France he visited Mexico, and proposed to the viceroy of that country to unite the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by means of a canal ; but no notice was taken of his scheme. On arriving in France he was made chevalier of St. Louis and colonel of the Aquitaine regiment. During the Reign of Terror he was arrested for being a member of the aristocracy. After an imprisonment of eleven months he" was liberated and succeeded in recovering 150,000 francs as his share of the profits of his pre- vious financial operations. He now began to study sciences and to form plans for a fundamental re- construction of society. He obtained a small clerkship, and lived in' obscurity until his friend, Diard, gave him the means to issue his " Intro- duction aux travaux scientifiques du 19me siecle " (2 vols, Paris, 1808). In 1810 Diard died and Saint Simon suffered from actual want. Nevertheless, he continued to pursue his studies, and, in spite of feeble health, penury, the coldness of friends, and the lack of powerful protectors, he issued his ' Reorganisation de la societe Europeenne " (Paris, 1814) and " L'Industrie, ou discussions politiques, morales et philosophiques" (4 vols., 1817-'18). In 1820 he published a pamphlet entitled " Parabole," in which he advanced the most revolutionary ideas, and for which he was tried and acquitted. In l s ','i! he attempted suicide, but only succeeded in depriv- ing himself of an eye, and lived long enough to complete his two greatest works, " Cateehisme in- dustriel " (1824) and "Lenouveau Christ ianisme " (1825). See " Saint Simon, sa vie et ses travaux,'' by Nicholas G. Hubbard (Paris. 1857) : "(Euvivs, choisies de Saint-Simon " (3 vols., Brussels, 1859 ; new ed., Paris, 1861) ; and the joint works of Saint Simon and his editor, Enfantin (20 vols., 180.V.M.

ST. VALIER, Jean Baptist De Larroix Chevrieres de, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Grenoble, Dauphine, France, 14 Nov., 1653; d. in Quebec, 26 Dec., 1727. He was chaplain to Louis XIV., and in 1684, when Laval, bishop of Quebec, went to France to engage a successor, his recommendation by the royal chaplain secured his appointment to that office. He arrived in Canada in July, 1685, in his capacity of vicar-general to Hishop Laval, and remained until November. 1H S 7. when he returned to France. He was consecrated bishop of Quebec, at St. Sulpice de Paris, by Nicholas Colbert, archbishop of Carthage, in .January, 1688, and returned to Canada in August of i hesame year. He founded the general hospital of Quebec in 1693. and the Ursulines of Three Rivers in 1697. While he was bishop, Louis XIV. confirmed by letters - patent, in October. 1H97. tin-erection of the bishopric of Quebec, and the union of the rectory to the seminary, as well as of the revenues of Labbay '!' Meubee to the bishopric.

SAINT VICTOR, Jacques Benjamin Maximilien. Count de. West Indian author, b. in l-'oi-t Dauphin, Santo Domingo, 14 Jan., 1770; d. in Paris, N Aug., 1858. He studied in the College of Lu Fleche and became a journalist. I nder Napoleon he was on the staff of Ihe "Journal di-s