Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/803

Rh fired, and many were driven forth by the flames to be either burnt, suffocated, frozen, butchered, or drowned, 500 wigwams were destroyed, 600 warriors killed, 1,000 women and children massacred, and the entire winter provision of the tribe reduced to ashes. Canonchet escaped, but was defeated, captured, and put to death in the following summer. During the winter of 1675-'6 Philip vainly endeavored to enlist the Mohegans and Mohawks for his purposes, but he succeeded in winning over only some minor tribes eastward of Massachusetts. With the return of spring in 1676 came retaliation on the part of the Indians. Weymouth, Groton, Medfield, Lancaster, and Marlborough, Mass., and Warwick and Providence, R. I., were attacked and laid in ashes. Up to the month of July the Indians vigorously pushed their attacks with great disaster to the colonists, and only little reward for themselves. Their numbers were much diminished. When Philip's cause was evidently becoming a losing one, some of the neighboring tribes fell away; others that had remained neutral turned their influence on the English side. Dissension arose, some bands surrendered, to avoid starvation, and others wended their way to the distance, intermingling with other tribes to escape recognition and punishment. The government set a price of thirty shillings per head for &ldquo;every Indian killed in battle,&rdquo; and many captured Indian women and children were sold into slavery in South America and the West Indies. Toward the last Capt. Benjamin Church (q. v.), the noted Indian fighter, headed an expedition to seek Philip and destroy the remainder of the Wampanoags. Philip was hunted from place to place. Several peace overtures were made him, all of which he spurned. On one occasion he smote an Indian that came to him with a proposal for submission. During one of Capt. Church's pursuits, Philip narrowly escaped capture, and was forced to leave his squaw and nine-year-old son in the keeping of his enemies. In the usual manner they were both sold as slaves in the Bermuda islands. After a long absence the sachem and some of his followers took refuge in a swamp near Mount Hope. But one of their band, named Alderman, proved treacherous, and for a consideration exposed their hiding-place. On 12 Aug., 1676, the renegade Indian guided a large party of armed men at midnight to the camp of the Wampanoags. The attack was made promptly while the Indians were asleep. After the first shot or two Philip was aroused, and sprang to his feet, gun in hand, but on attempting to escape he was recognized by an Indian ally of the whites and shot dead as he stumbled and fell in the mire. His body was dragged forward, and Church cut off his head, which was borne on the point of a spear to Plymouth, where it remained for twenty years exposed on a gibbet. According to the colonial laws, as a traitor, his body was drawn and quartered on a day that was appointed for public thanksgiving. Philip's death ended the war. Of the two once powerful nations there remained only about 50 Wampanoags and 100 Narragansetts. Eunice Cottrill, who died on the Pequod Indian reservation, North Stonington, Conn., 7 Jan., 1888, at the age of 115 years, was a great-grandchild of King Philip. See Benjamin Church's &ldquo;Entertaining History of King Philip's War&rdquo; (1716; with additions by Samuel G. Drake, Boston, 1825), and &ldquo;Philip of Pokanoket,&rdquo; in Irving's &ldquo;Sketch-Book.&rdquo; The incidents of King Philip's war have also been made the subject of an historical romance by Gideon H. Hollister, entitled &ldquo;Mount Hope&rdquo; (New York, 1851).

PHILIPPES DE KERHALLET, Charles Marie (fe-leep), French navigator, b. in Rennes, 17 Sept., 1809; d. in Paris, 16 Feb., 1863. He received his education in the naval school of Angoulême, became a midshipman in 1825, and was promoted captain in 1849. He served in South America, commanded the stations of Newfoundland and Cayenne, made soundings in the Gulf of Mexico, and prepared valuable charts. His works include &ldquo;Instructions pour remonter la côte du Brésil depuis San Luiz de Maranhão jusqu'au Para&rdquo; (Paris, 1841); &ldquo;Description nautique de la côte du Mexique&rdquo; (1849); &ldquo;Description nautique de la côte de l'isthme de Panama&rdquo; (1850); &ldquo;Considérations générales sur l'Océan Atlantique&rdquo; (1852); &ldquo;Considérations générales sur l'Ocean Pacifique&rdquo; (1853); and &ldquo;La navigation dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique&rdquo; (1859).

PHILIPPOTEAUX, Paul, artist, b. in Paris, France, 27 Jan.. 1846. He was educated at the College Henri IV. and at the ficole des beaux arts in Paris, also studying art in the studios of his fa- ther, Felix Philippoteaux. Leon Cogniet, and Alex- ander Cabanal. Mr. Philippoteaux made numerous sketches for Guizot's " History of France " and for the works of Alphonse Daudet, Alexandre Dumas, and Jules Verne. He was associated with his fa- ther in the production of the cyclorama of the " Siege of Paris," originally exhibited in Paris, and in 1883 he produced "The Battle of Gettysburg," which was shown in Chicago, and was the first cy- clorama of the civil war that was made. This was one of the earliest paintings of this description to be made, and was produced by means of photog- raphy. The locality to be represented is first vis- ited and from an elevated structure sweeping the entire horizon a series of photographs are taken, giving a continuous view of the place. These are then adjusted by pasting together the ends of the photographs, and the panorama becomes a cyclo- rama, afl'ording an accurate guide lor the enlarge- ment on the grand scale contemplated for the painting. After it is mounted, in the foreground of the picture real grass, shrubs, figures, and other appliances are skilfully blended with the nnddle distance, so that it is impossible with the iinaided eye to determine where one ends and the other begins. He has made copies of this painting for exhibition in Boston, Philadelphia, and New Vork, and also executed the cycloramas of " Tel-el-Kebir " for London, "Plevna" for St. Petersburg, and " The Falls of Niagara " for London. Besides making many other paintings of historical sub- jects, he was commissioned by the French govern- ment in 1873 to produce a " Resurrection of Christ," and he completed in 1888 thirty large paintings that represent scenes in the life of Gen. Grant, and are on exhibition in Boston. At present he is en- gaged on a small painting of the "Cavalry Charge of Sheridan" at Five Forks. This jiainting will be followed by others illustrating the deeds oi famous generals. His other paintings inchule " Retour d'un pardon " (1864) ; " Vannenses " (185) ; " Marche en Brctagne " (1865); "Scene d'invasion " (18(Kb — all of which were exhibited at the Paris salon.

'''PHILIPS. Samuel''', clergyman, b. near Hagerstown, Md., 14 June, 1823. He was graduated at Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa., in 1847, studied theology in the Seminary of the Reformed church in that town, and was ordained in 1849, becoming in the same year pastor at Burkettsville, Md. He has since held various charges in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. In 1862 he became a professor in Dickinson college, and in 1866 he accepted a chair in jMuhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa. He