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Rh and secession, and favored all schemes for internal improvements and public education. He won a iDrilliant reputation at the bar. See a sketch of his life by John T. L. Preston (Boston. Mass., 1881). — His son. John Lewis, author, b. in Staunton, Va., 15 Sept., 1824; d. there, 23 May, 1896. was graduated at the law department of the University of Virginia. He declined the office of district attorney for Utah in 1855, and settled in Chicago. In 1861 he was appointed an agent in Europe for the southern Confederacy, and ran the blockade of Charleston, S. C. He remained abroad many years, engaged in literary pursuits, and returned in 1880. His publications include " A Statistical View of the State of Illinois " (Chicago, 1854); "Pacific Railway Communication, and the Trade of China " (1854) ; " The American Crisis " (London, 1866) ; " Over the Alleghanies, and Across the Prairies " (1870) ; " The Adventures of my Grand- father " (1871) ; " Memoir of William M. Peyton " (1872); "Memorials of Nature and Art" (1881); and " History of Augusta County, Va." (Staunton, Va., 1882). He also edited, with an introduction, the " Glasse of Time " (New York, 1886).

PEZET, Juan Antonio (pay-thef), president of Peru, b. in Lima in 180G. He was the son of a French physician, and entered the military college of San Carlos, but when Gen. San Martin with the Chilian army obliged the viceroy to evacuate the capital in 1821, young Pezet joined the patriots .and took part in the campaign as sub-lieutenant. In 1823 he was promoted lieutenant, and under Bolivar and Sucre fought at Junin and Ayacucho. He became captain in 1828, and in 1835, as colonel of the battalion of sharp-shooters of Rimac, took part in the rising of Gamarra against the Peru-Bolivian confederation and was banished. After his return he was appointed prefect of Lima, took part in the revolution of Vivaneo in 1843, and was appointed inspector-general of the army and prefect of La Libertad. He was wounded and taken prisoner in 1844, but was pardoned, became prefect of Arequipa in 1847, and in 1848 was made general- in-chief of the division of the south, and prefect of Moquegua. Under President Echenique, in 1853, he was appointed inspector-general and chief of the Army of the South during the invasion of Bolivia. In 1859 he was secretary of war, and in 1862 he was elected vice-president with Gen. San Roman, assuming the executive at the death of the latter in 1863. During his administration the difficulties with Spain began which culminated in the occu- pation of the Chinchas islands, 14 April, 1864, but when he signed a treaty with the Spaniards, on 27 Jan., 1865, which was considered derogatory to the national honor, a general uprising followed, so that on 7 July. 1865, he delivered the executive to the vice-president, and retired to Europe. He returned in 1871. and has since lived in retirement.

PEZUELA, Jacobo de la, Cuban historian, b. in Cadiz. Spain, in 1811 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, in 1882. He entered the army, and in 1842 went to Cuba as aide-de-camp to Gen. Valdes, governor-general of the island. He filled various public offices, and gave a great part of his time to histori- cal, geographical, and statistical researches concerning Cuba, the result of which was the publication of "Ensayo historico de la Isla de Cuba" (Havana, 1844) ; "Diccionario Historico Geografieo de Culm" (4 vols., Madrid, 1863) ; "Historia de Cuba" (1808): and "Necesidades de Cuba" (1869).

PEZUELA, Joaquin de la (pay-thoo-ay'-lah), viceroy of Peru, b. in Naval, Aragon, in 1761 ; d. in Madrid in 1830. He received his military in- struction in the artillery college of Segovia, served in the siege of Gibraltar in 1782, and in 1793 in Navarre against the French revolutionary army. In 1805, with the rank of colonel, he went to Peru as sub-inspector of artillery, and as sucii he directed in 1808 the building of a powder-factory, which did good service during the revolution. He was promoted brigadier in 1811. and in 1813 major-general and commander-in-chief. Immediately he began active operations against the invading Argentine army under Gen. Belgrano. whom he defeated at Villapujio on 1 Oct., and at Ayohuma on 14 Nov. In the following year he invaded Argentine territory, and on 29 Nov., 1815, routed Gen. Rondeau at Sipisipe, in reward for which he was promoted lieutenant-general and j)rovisional viceroy. In April, 1816, he gave up his comnuind, and on 7 July took charge of the government at Lima. He was appointed full viceroy, 20 March, 1817, and in December of the same year sent an unsuccessful expedition under his son-in-law, Mariano Osorio {q. v.), for the reconquest of Chili. In 1820 Pezuela began to prepare means of defence against the threatened invasion of Peru by San Martin's army. The latter landed in Pisco on 8 Sept., and Pezuela sent a commission to negotiate a treaty. After the viceroy had proclaimed the liberal constitution of Cadiz on 17 Sept., a meeting of commissioners took place at Miraflores, but the negotiations produced no result, and on 4 Oct. hostilities were opened. Pezuela's position in Lima soon became critical, but he refused to evacuate the capital as he was advised by a council of war, and sent Gen. Canterac against the enemy ; but Gen. La Serna, who had been appointed general-in-chief, refused to co-operate. There was a mutiny on 29 Jan., 1821, and Pezuela was forced by his officers to resign the viceroyalty in favor of La Serna. On 29 June of that year he left Callao in an American schooner for Rio Janeiro, and returned thence to Spain. He was granted the title of Marquis oT Villunia, and appointed in 1825 captain-general of New Castile, which post he held at his death. — His son, Juan Manuel, Marquis Pezuela and Count of Cheste, Spanish soldier, b. in Lima, Peru, in INIay, 1810, went with his parents to Spain and entered the army as a boy. He took part in the first Carlist war on the side of the government, and was brevettcd brigadier-general in 1838. He was captain-general of Andalusia, governor-general of Porto Rico, was brevetted lieutenant-general, and in 1853 appointed governor-general of the island of Cuba. During his administration he took stringent measures to suppress the slave-trade, and this, together with his well-known anti-slavery ideas and his measures for the relief of the negro race in Cuba, made liim an object of hate to the slave-owners, at whose request the home government recalled him in December, 1854. While he was in Havana. Pezuela began a metrical translation of Dante's " Divina Comniedia" and Tasso's " Gerusalemmc fjiberata," which afterward were published at [Madrid. There he published also his translation of Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso " and Camoen's " Lusiadas," and a lyrical poem, "El Cerco de Zamora." He is now president of the Spanish Acadcmia de la lengua,

PFEIFFER, Carl, architect, b. in Brunswick, Germany, in 1834; d. in Washington, D. C., 27 April, 1888. He came to the United States at the age of sixteen, and, after residing several years in the west, established himself as an architect in New York city in 1864, and became eminent. Among the New York buildings that were designed or erected by him are the Church of the Messiah, the Roosevelt and City hospitals, the Berkshire apartment-house, and the Fifth avenue Presbyterian church.