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710 ton was the first to develop the fact that phos- phoric acid and nitrogen are the two plant-constitu- ents that are first exhausted from soils by cereals and cotton-culture. In 1872-'7 he held the chair of agriculture and horticulture in the University of Georgia. In the latter year failing health forced him to retire, and he moved to Atlanta. Ga., where with his son, William M. Pendleton, he founded the Pendleton guano company, of which he was elected chemical director, a place that he held until his death. He contributed to various periodicals in both prose and verse, and his " Sci- entific Agriculture " (New York, 1874) was exten- sively used as a text-book in colleges and other institutions of learning.

PENDLETON, James Madison, clergyman, b. in Spottsylvania county, Va., 20 Nov., 1811. He received his classical education at Christian county seminary, Hopkinsville, Ky. On his ordination to the ministry he became, in 1837, pastor of the Bap- tist church at Bowling Green, where he continued for twenty years. In 1857 he was elected professor of theology in Union university, Murfi'eesborough, Tenn. Previous to the civil war he had been known as an opponent of slavery, and in 1862 he removed to the north. After a short residence in Ohio, he was called in 1865 to the pastorate of the Baptist church in Upland, Pa., where he remained till 1883. Denison university, Ohio, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1865. He is the author of " Three Reasons why I am a Baptist '' (Cincinnati, 1853), which has gone through many editions and has been trans- lated into Welsh ; " Sermons " (Nashville, Tenn., 1859); "Church Manual" (Philadelphia, 1868); "Christian Doctrines " (1878) ; " Distinctive Prin- ciples of Baptists " (1881) ; " Brief Notes on the New Testament," with Rev. George W. Clark, D. D. (1884) : and " Atonement of Christ " (1885).

PENHALLOW, Samuel, historian, b. in St. Mabon, Cornwall, England, 2 July. 1665; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 2 Dec, 1726. " His ancestors had possessed a landed estate in Cornwall. In 1683 he was placed in the academy of Rev. Charles Morton {q. v.) at Newington Green. When the ec- clesiastical authorities prohibited Mr. Morton from teaching the doctrines of the dissenters, the latter decided to reuiove to New England, and, with the consent of his parents, young Penhallow accom- panied his instructor, arriving in July, 1686. Be- fore leaving England, Penhallow received offers from the Society tor propagating the gospel among the Indians to make himself acquainted with the Indian language for three years, for which they in turn would pay him twenty pounds sterling pe-r year. After that they would pay him sixty pounds a year during life if he would preach to them "at times." Political troubles discouraged Pen- hallow from entering the ministry, and he removed to Portsmouth, where he married Mary, daughter of President John Cutt. Mr. Penhallow engaged in trade, and early accumulated a large estate. His influence in the town was great, and he took an active part in the management of its affairs. He was appointed successively magistrate, member of the council, recorder of deeds, justice of the su- perior court of judicature, and finally, in 1717, its chief justice, which office he held until his death. His " Narrative of the Indian Wars of New Eng- land from 1703 to 1726" (Boston, 1726) was re- printed by the New Hampshire historical society in their collection, and later at Cincinnati in 1859.

PENICK, Charles Clifton, P. E. bishop, b. in Charlotte county, Va., 9 Dec, 1843. In 1860 he was at a military school in Danville, Va., and soon afterward he went to Hampden Sidney college. At the beginning of the civil war he joined the Con- federate army and served in a Virginia regiment as quartermaster imtil Lee's surrender in April, 1865. He then entered the Theological seminary of Vir- ginia at Alexandria, and was graduated in 1869. He was ordained deacon in the chapel of the semi- nary, 26 June, 1869, by Bishop Johns, and priest in the same place, 24 June, 1870, by the same bishop. While in deacon's orders he served in Bristol, Va., and on being made priest became rector of St. George's church. Mount Savage, Md., in 1870. Three years later he accepted the rector- ship of the Church of the Messiah, Baltimore, which post he held until 1877. Having been appointed missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adja- cent in western Africa, he was consecrated in St. Paul's church, Alexandria, Va., 13 Feb., 1877. He received the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1877. After six years' arduous service in Africa he sent in his resignation, which was ac- cepted by the house of bishops in 1883. Bishop Penick soon afterward accepted the rectorship of St. Andrew's church, Louisville, and later of St. Mark's, Richmond. He has published a volume entitled ".^More than a Prophet " (New York, 1880).

PENIERES, Jean Auarustin de, French states- man, b. in Tulle in 1762 ; d. in Mobile, Ala., in Oc- tober, 1820. He served for several years as an offi- cer in the body-guai'ds of Louis XVI., but, having been elected to the legislative assembly, and after- ward to the convention, by the city of Tulle, he became a formidable opponent to the king. He always took his seat among the Jacobins, and in January, 1793, voted, after a passionate speech, for the death of Louis XVI. without delay or appeal to the people. In the following February he made a motion for the expulsion of Marat from the con- vention, which was lost by an overwhelming ma- jority, but Penieres was saved from the resentment of the revolutionist by his friends, who pleaded his insanity. He continued to denounce the terrorists, and contributed to the success of the reaction of 27 and 28 July. 1794. He was elected to the coun- cil of five hundred in 1796, was a member of the Tribunat from 1799 till 1802, and a deputy to the Corps Legislatif in 1807-'ll, and during the hun- dred days. After the second restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1815, he came to the United States, and founded in Mobile, Ala., an academy for young men and a college for ladies, which "became fash- ionalile. He also afforded help to Baron Lalle- mand {q. v.) and other French exiles in the foun- dation of the Champ d'asile in Texas, and became interested in the operations of the corsair Lafitte {q. v.). to whom he furnished the means to carry on his operations after his expulsion from Grande Terre in 1817. In the following year he obtained a grant of land in Indian territory, and established there a colony of French exiles, which prospered at the outset, but declined after his death, and was finally abandoned. He also acquired vast tracts of land in Missouri. Pie married for his second wife a lady of New Orleans, and their descendants con- tested in the state courts for many years for land that is included to-day in the limits of the city of St. liouis. His notes and manuscripts found their way into the Paris library, and Henri Garnier found among them the materials for a "Histoire de etab- lissements fondes dans I'Amerique du Nord, en Louisiane et au Texas, par les exiles de la grande armee " (2 vols., Paris, 1832).

PENINGTON, Edward, author, b. in Amersham, Bucks co., England, 3 Sept., 1667; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 11 Nov., 1711. He was the son of Isaac Penington (1617-79), who was distin-