Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/718

678 war, and as such repeatedly visited the eastern and western armies, publishing several pamphlet reports. In 1886 he went, on behalf of the freed- men, to Europe, where, and in the Orient, he re- mained nearly a year. Pie received tiie degree of D. D. from Asbury (now De Pauw) university. Ind.. in 1864, and that of LL. D. from the University of the citv of New York in 1882. He was the author of " The Young Man " (Hartford, 1847 ; repub- lished as " The Young Man's Friend." Auburn. N". Y., 1850) ; '' Conscience and Law " (New York, 1850) ; " Slavery and Infidelity " (Cincinnati, 1856) : " Spiritual Victory " (Boston, 1874) ; and '• Prayer and its Remarkable Answers " (Chicago. 1875).

PAUL, Frederick William, Duke of Wiirtem- berg, German naturalist, b. in Carlsruhe, Silesia, 25 June, 1797; d. in Mergentheim, 24 Nov., 1860. He showed a fondness for mathematics and the natural sciences at an early age, and in 1822 made a scientific journey through the United States. He returned to Europe in 1824. and travelled much in the southern countries of the continent. In 1828 he married a princess of the house of Thurm and Taxis, but the marriage was not happy, and the duke separated from his wife in 1829 and embarked for the United States. He spent the next two years in exploring North America, Hayti, and Mexico, afterward went to Egypt, and spent a large part of the rest of his life in Africa, Asia, and the islands of the Pacific. His castle of Mergent- heim, the ancient residence of the grand-masters of the Teutonic order, was filled with collections of natural history, and contained specimens that were not found in any of the great official cabinets of Europe. In North America he had become inti- mate with many Indian chiefs, and they supplied him, in exchange for his presents, with ornaments and other interesting articles that were in use among the tribes. The duke was the head of the Catholic branch of the hoi;se of Wlirtemberg. Ex- tracts from his travels appeared in the " Ausland." the Stuttgart journals of medicine and the natural sciences, and elsewhere.

PAUL, Gabriel Rene, soldier, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 22 March. 1813 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 5 May. 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1834, made 1st lieutenant in the 7th infantry, 26 Oct., 1836, and served in the Florida war in 1839-'42, surpi'ising a camp of Seminole Indians near Tampa bay in the latter year. He was commissioned captain, 19 April, 1846, took part in the Mexican war, was wounded at the bat- tle of Cerro Crordo, and brevetted major for gallant conduct at Chapultepec, where he led the storming party that captured the enemy's flag. The follow- ing year he was presented with a sword by the citizens of St. Louis, Mo., for his services in Mexico. In an expedition to Rio Grande river. Texas, in 1852, he took part in the capture of a band of desperadoes, and on 2 Oct., 1858, he surprised and took a camp of hostile Indians on Spanish Fork, LTtah. Later he was promoted major of the 8th infantry, became colonel of the 4th New Mexico volunteers, and did good service in keeping the Confederates out of that territory. He was acting inspector-general of the Department of New Mexico till December, 1861, subsequently in command of the southern military district, and on 13 April, 1862. engaged in a skirmish with the enemy at Peralta. He was made lieutenant-colonel on 25 April, brigadier- general of volunteers, 18 April, 1863, and colonel, 13 Sept., 1864. He was present at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, in which latter engagement he was deprived of the sight of both eyes by a rifle-ball. In the following November he was presented by the 29th New Jersey volunteers with a jewelled sword for his services in that battle. Gen. Paul was on sick-leave until 16 Feb., 1865. served as deputy-governor of the Soldiers' home near Washington, D. C. till 13 June of that year, and was in charge of the militarv asvlura at Harrodsburg. Ky., till 20 Dec, 1866. " He" was re- tired from active service. 16 Feb., 1865. on account of his blindness, and on the 23d of the same month he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for gallant conduct at the battle of Gettysburg. On 12 April, 1870, congress granted him the pay and allowances attaching to the full rank of brigadier- general. On 10 Dec. 1886, a monument erected to the memory of Gen. Paul in the Arlington. Va.. cemetery, by his comrades of the Grand army of the republic, was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. — His son, Augustus Cliouteau, sol- dier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 16 April, 1842, was a cadet at the Kentucky military institute in 1861. In May, under the call for three months' troops, he enlisted and was made captain of Ken- tucky mounted infantry. He was mustered out in the following August, but entered the army again as captain in the 23d Kentucky volunteers, his commission bearing date 2 Jan., 1862. He took part with his regiment in the campaigns of the Armies of the Ohio and the Cumberland until 1 June, 1863, when he was appointed assistant adju- tant-general of volunteers. In this capacity he served with the Army of the Potomac on the staffs of Gen. Henry Baxter and Gen. Andrew A. Hum- phreys, and on that of Byron R. Pierce. During this period Col. Paul took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-House, etc., was captured by the enemy, spent eleven months in Confederate pi-isons, and was among those officers that were placed by the Confederates under the fire of National guns at Charleston, S. C. He was brevetted major for gallantry in the Wilderness, and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct at Spottsvlvania Court-House. He was mustered out, 19 Sept., 1865. On 11 May, 1866, he was appointed 2d lieutenant in the regular army, but declined. He subsequently accepted the same rank in the 3d cavalry, and was promoted 1st lieutenant, 20 Dec, 1872. During the next twelve years Col. Paul saw arduous service on the western frontier. In May. 1881, his health became so impaired that he re- signed his commission.

'''PAUL. Henry Martyn''', astronomer, b. in Dor- chester (now Hyde Park). Mass., 25 June, 1851. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1873, and as a civil engineer at the Thayer school in 1875. In the latter year he was appointed assistant astrono- mer in the U. S. naval observatory, Washington, D. C, where he remained until 1880, meanwhile serving with the expeditions that were sent to ob- serve the transit of Mercury in May, 1878, and the solar eclipse of July. 1878.' During 1880-3 he was professor of astronomy in the University of Tokio. Japan, after which he returned to his post in Washington. Prof. Paul is a member of various scientific societies, and is the author of astronomi- cal monographs that have been published as ap- pendices to the annual volumes of the " Observa- tions " of the U. S. naval observatory.

'''PAUL. Howard''', actor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Nov.. 1835. In 1850 he went to England, and after essaying journalism he brought out, in conjunction with .John Leech, who furnished the drawings, a serial entitled " Dashes of American Humor, or Yankee Stories " (London ; New York, 1853). This work attained immediate popularity, both in England and the United States. He then