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646 curred, by which he was imprisoned and afterward banished. He returned in 1847, when the capital was occupied by the U. S. forces, and although the government of Queretaro ordered him to present himself, he evaded compliance with the order, and began secretly to conspire against the government. "When, after the evacuation of the capital by the U. S. troops in June, 1848, Father Cenobio Jarauta {q. V.) pronounced in rebellion at Lagos, Paredes joined the revolution openly and marched to Guanajuato, where the insurgents fortified them- selves. After the city was taken by Gen. Busta- mante, and Jarauta had been shot, Paredes fled and was for several months in hiding, till he was in- cluded in the amnesty of April, 1849, and returned to Mexico, where he died five months later.

PAREJA, Antonio (pah-ray'-hah), Spanish naval ofiicer, b. in Spain about 1760 ; d. in Chilian, Chili, 21 May, 1813. In 1805 he took part in the battle of Trafalgar as captain of the ship " Argonauta." He went to Lima in 1811 as governor-intendant of the province of Concepcion, and the viceroy Abas- cal ordered him to Chiloe and Valdivia to organize forces for the conquest of Chili, which had declared its independence. With 2,000 men he landed at San Vicente, occupied Talcahuano, and immediately marched upon Concepcion, of which he took pos- session with the aid of the native militia. He augmented his forces and at once marched upon Santiago, but met a strong resistance and retired to Chilian. Talcahuano was recovered by the In- dependents, who also captured the frigate " Tomas," which was coming from Callao with re-enforce- ments to the aid of Pareja, and the latter, grieved by these reverses, fell sick and died shortly after- ward. — His son, Jose, Spanish naval officer, b. in Lima about 1812 ; d. at sea, near the coast of Chili, 28 Nov., 1865, went to Spain and entered the navy, attaining the rank of vice-admiral. He was sent to the Pacific in 1864 to relieve Admiral Pinzon, whose seizure of the Chincha islands was disap- proved in Madrid, and signed on 2 Feb., 1865, a treaty that occasioned a general revolution in Peru and the fall of the government of Gen. Pezet. Chili having declared in favor of Peru, Pareja went to Valparaiso on 17 Sept., and his demand for sat- isfaction having been refused, he declared war against Chili on the 24th. On 17 Nov. an armed launch of the frigate " Resolucion " was captured by the Chilian steamer " Independencia " near Tal- cahuano, and on the 26th of the same month the gun-boat " Covadonga," with the admiral's cor- respondence, was taken by the Chilian steamer " Esmeralda '' off Papudo, and these events, to- gether with the general failure of his operations on the Pacific coast, so affected the admiral's mind that he committed suicide on board his flag-ship.

PAREJA, Francisco, Spanish missionary, b. in Aufion, New Castile ; d. in Mexico, 25 July, 1628. He became a Franciscan friar, and, with others of his order, went in 1593 to Havana, and in 1594 to St. Augustine, Fla., as a missionary. During the remainder of his life he was a teacher of the Timu- qua Indians, in whose language he published cate- chisms (1612 and 1617); a " Confesionario " (1613); and a grammar^ and vocabulary (Mexico, 1614).

PARENT, Etienne, Canadian journalist, b. in Beauport, near Quebec, 2 May, 1801 ; d. in Ottawa, Can., 23 Dec, 1874. He received his education in the Seminary of Quebec and in the College of Nico- let, and in 1822 became editor of the '• Canadien," the oldest French journal in the province. He held the post till 1825, when he began to study law. Soon after his admission to the bar he left the profession, and was appointed translator to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada, and after- ward librarian. In 1831 he resigned those offices and resumed the direction of the " Canadien," which he kept till 1842. He was imprisoned in 1837 for expressing extreme political opinions in his newspaper. At the union of the provinces in 1841 he was elected to parliament for Saguenay, but he resigned in 1842 to become clerk of the ex- ecutive council, which post he held till 1847, when he was appointed assistant secretary for Lower Canada. He still continued to write for the " Cana- dien," which for a long time was, under his inspira- tion, a powerful weapon of the French-Canadian party. He gave a great number of public lectures on practical subjects, and was to some extent the originator of this mode of instruction in Canada. His principal lectures, delivered before the Canadi- an institute and published in the " Repertoire na- tional " of 1848, are entitled " L'lndustrie comme moyen de conserver notre nationalite," *' Impor- tance de I'etude de I'eeonomie politique," " Du travail chez I'homme," " Du pretre et du spiritual- isme dans leur rapport avec societe," and " Con- siderations sur notre systeme d'education populaire sur I'education en general, et les moyens legislatifs d'y pourvoir." Some of his papers in the " Foyer Canadien " had much influence on the industry of the country. The principal are " De I'importanee et des devoirs du commerce," " De I'intelligence dans ses rapports avec la societe," and " Considera- tions sur le sort des classes ouvrieres."

PARENT, Pierre, French pilot, b. in Saint Jean de Luz ; lived about the beginning of the 15th century. He is claimed by some authors as the discoverer of Newfoundland and Canada. Says Amans Monteil in his " Traite des materiaux manuscrits " (Paris, 1836) : " About the year 1400 he was blown within sight of an unknown land, where he descried the mouth of a great river (probably the St. Lawrence), and afterward landed upon a large island, where he found big fishes which he named baccalaos." This story, strange as it is, may not be quite void of foundation. It is said by many writers that about a century be- fore the discovery of America by Columbus the Basques, the Normans, and the Bretons were ex- tensively engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries. " Sebastian Cabot named Labrador and Newfound- land Baccalaos," says Peter Martyr, " because, in the seas thereabout, he found so great multitudes of certain big fishes, which the inhabitants call bac- calaos, that they sometimes stayed his ships." " In the original Basque, baccalaos is a word for a cod- fish," says Francis Parkman in his " Pioneers of France in the New World," " and if Cabot foiind it in use among the inhabitants of Newfoundland, it is hard to escape the conclusion that Basques had been there before him." See also the " Relation " of Marc Lescarbot (1609) ; " Novus orbis " of John Laet (1828) ; the " Histoire des navigateurs Fran- gais " of Leon Guerin (Paris, 1846) ; " Histoire des navigateurs Normands " of Estancelin (Paris, 1832) ; "Ocean decades" of Peter Martyr (Alcala, 1530); " Navigation " of Jehan Parmentier (1631) ; and the " Historia general " of Herrera.

PAREPA-ROSA, Euphrosyne, singer, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 7 May, 1836 ; d. in London, England, 21 Jan., 1874. Her mother was Elizabeth Seguin, a singer, sister of Arthur Edward Seguin, and her father, Demetrius Parepa, Baron de Boyescu, a Wallachian boyar, who died while she was an infant. She was educated for the operatic stage under eminent masters, made her debut at Malta when she was sixteen years old, sang with success in the Italian cities and in Madrid, and in 1857