Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/675

Rh articles in the "North American Review." — Another son, John Carver, soldier, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 25 Dec, I800, was graduated at Harvard in 1853, and at the U. S. military academy, at the head of his class, in 1857. He was assigned to the engineers, and during the civil war served in constructing defences on Ship island, in repairing Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson, La., at the siege of Port Hudson, and in the Red river expedition, lie also had charge of the operations at the siege and capture of Fort Morgan, Ala., and from 20 March till 12 April, 1865, he participated in the siege and capture of Mobile. He was chief engineer and assistant inspector-general of the 13th army corps from 15 March till 1 Aug., 1865, and was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. army, 26 March, 1865. He resigned on 1 May, 1866, and he has since been connected with manufacturing companies at Lowell, Mass., and elsewhere. He became overseer of the Thayer school of civil engineering of Dartmouth in 1868, and is a vice-president of the Webster bank in Boston. He has contributed to the publications of the Military historical society of Massachusetts, to the " North American Review," and other periodicals.

PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS, Ambrose Marie François Joseph (pah-le-so), Baron de, French naturalist, b. in Arras, France, 27 July, 1752; d. in Paris, 21 Jan., 1820. After finishing his studies he was appointed advocate to the parliament of Paris in 1772, and afterward receiver-general. He then devoted himself to the study of natural history, and especially that of botany, and, after extensive explorations in Africa, went to Santo Domingo in 1788. He was admitted into the colonial assembly and the superior council, opposed the abolition of the slave-trade, and wrote in 1790 a pamphlet in which he accused English philanthropists of sinister motives in supporting this project. He also went to the United States to ask the aid of the government in reducing the negroes to obedience. On his return from this useless mission in June, 1793, he found the island in insurrection. His collections and manuscripts were destroyed, and he was imprisoned, but he was finally allowed to depart from the island, and sought refuge in the United States in utter destitution. He learned, as he was making preparations to return to France, that he had been proscribed as an emigrant. He then obtained employment in the orchestra of a circus in Philadelphia, but whatever time he could spare was devoted to natural history. The French chargé d'affaires, Pierre Adet, a noted chemist, gave him funds for a journey into the interior of North America, which he had long contemplated. He now made several valuable discoveries, including that of a new species of rattlesnake, and he passed several months among the Creek and Cherokee Indians. He was elected a member of the American philosophical society, to which he communicated a part of his observations; but as he was preparing another expedition the news reached him that his name had been erased from the list of emigrants, and he decided on returning to France. Palisot invented a new method of classification for insects, and proposed another for quadrupeds. He observed the details of the reproductive organs in mosses, and, as the existence of these organs was denied, he confirmed his first researches by new observations. Among his works are &ldquo;Insectes recueillis en Afrique&rdquo; (Paris, 1805-'21) and &ldquo;Réfutation d'un écrit intitulé resumé des temoignages, etc., touchant la traite des nègres&rdquo; (1814). The third volume of the &ldquo;Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia&rdquo; contains a paper

by him on cryptogamic plants, and the fourth, one on a new plant of Pennsylvania (the Heterandra raniformis) and on a new species of rattlesnake, etc. His &ldquo;Description du mur naturel dans la Caroline du Nord&rdquo; appears in vol. viii. of the &ldquo;Annales du muséum d'histoire naturelle&rdquo; (Paris, 1811), and was reprinted in &ldquo;Description of the United States,&rdquo; by Warren (vol. i.). He also published &ldquo;Mémoire sur les palmiers au général et en particulier sur un nouveau genre de cette famille&rdquo; (Paris, 1801); &ldquo;Flore d'Oware et de Bénin&rdquo; (2 vols., 1804-'21); &ldquo;Prodrome des mousses et des lycopodes&rdquo; (Paris, 1805); and, posthumously, &ldquo;Muscologie&rdquo; (1822). See a memoir of Palisot, by Thiébaut de Berneaud (Paris, 1821).

FALLEN, Montrose Anderson, physician, b. in Vicksburg, Miss., 2 Jan., 1836 ; d. in New York city, 1 Oct., 1890. His father was professor of obstetrics in St. Louis medical college for many years. The son was graduated at St. Louis university in 1853, and in medicine in 1856. After spending two years in hospital service and study in London, Paris, and Berlin, he began practice in St. Louis, Mo. During the civil war he was medical direc- tor of Gen. Henry A. Wise's legion in 1861, of Gen. William J. Hardee's army corps in 1862. and afterward of the Department of Mississippi till February, 1863. He was subsequently sent to Canada by the Confederate government to report on the condition of the Confederate prisoners on Johnson's island. He returned to Richmond in 1864, and after a visit to Paris, France, where he obtained surgical and medical supplies for the Confederate armies, he was sent to Montreal again, but was captured on his way back to the south, and held on parole in New York city till the end of the war. After occupying chairs in various institutions, he was in 1874 appointed professor of gyne- cology in the University of the city of New York. In 1883 he assisted in forming the Post-graduate medical college in that city. Among other inven- tions by Dr. Fallen are a self-retaining vaginal speculum, peculiar needles for small and deep cavities, and various uterine supports. He had written much for medical periodicals, and published "Abnormities of Vision and Ophthalmoscope" (Washington, D. C, 1858); "Uterine Abnormities" (Cincinnati, 1866); "Prophylaxis of Pregnancy" (New York, 1878): and "Dysmenorrhcea" (1880).

PALLISER, John, Canadian explorer, b. in Comragh. Waterford, Ireland. 29 Jan., 1817. He was a brother of the late Sir William Palliser, inventor of the projectiles and guns that bear his name. He went to Canada in early life, and passed much time among the Indians of the northern woods and western prairies. He conducted an expedition into the Indian country in 1856-'7, and in 1857-60, under a commission from the British government, explored a large part of the northwest of British North America as far as the shores of the Pacific. He also topographically determined the international boundary-line from Lake Superior in