Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/64

44  she has published &ldquo;Public Relief and Private Charity&rdquo; (New York, 1884). &mdash; Charles Russell's younger brother, James Jackson, was graduated at Harvard in 1858, entered the National service, and was mortally wounded at Glendale, 30 June, 1862. See &ldquo;The Purchase by Blood,&rdquo; a tribute to his memory, by Rev. Cyrus A. Bartol, D. D. (Boston, 1864), and an address at his funeral by George Putnam (Cambridge, 1864). &mdash; The second John's grandson, John, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Oct., 1824, was graduated at Harvard in 1843, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised in Boston till 11 March, 1865, when he was appointed U. S. judge for the district of Massachusetts. On 18 Dec., 1878, he was appointed judge of the U. S. circuit court, and held that office till 1 May, 1884, when he resigned. His decisions have been published in two volumes (Boston, 1872-'7), and he has written especially on the subject of bankruptcy. &mdash; Francis Cabot's grandson, Edward Jackson, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Oct., 1845; d. there, 11 May, 1894. was graduated at Harvard, and then spent several years abroad. He practised law for some time in Boston, but later devoted himself exclusively to literary pursuits. He was the author of &ldquo;The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War&rdquo; (New York, 1884), which has taken rank as an exhaustive authority on the subject of which it treats. He also contributed many articles to reviews and magazines, and was the author of the chapter in Winsor's &ldquo;Narrative and Critical History of America&rdquo; (Boston, 1884) on &ldquo;The Diplomacy and Finance of the Revolution.&rdquo;

LOWENTHAL, John Jacob, chess-player, b. in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, in July, 1810. About 1841 he became. known as one of the best analytical chess-players in Europe. In 1849 he left Hungary for political reasons and came to the United States, arriving in New York city on 29 Dee. There he remained until the following March, when he went to Lexington, Ky. During his sojourn in New York he met all the strongest players of the city, and won a large majority of the games that he played from all except Charles H. Stanley, with whom he made even games. Wliile in Lexington he encountered Mr. Dudley, the strongest western player of the day, and defeated him in three set matches. On 10 April, 1850, he left Lexington for Cincinnati, stopping on the way at Frankfort and Louisville, at both of which places he met and defeated the chief players. He arrived at Cincin- nati on 16 April, and left on 10 May for New Orleans. On 27 May he met Paul Morphy, who was then not yet thirteen years of age, and of this meeting Mr. Lowenthal himself says : " I do not remember whether we played in all two or three games ; one was drawn, the other or others I lost." In June, Lowenthal returned to Cincinnati, and, with the assistance of friends, established a chess divan in connection with the chess club there. Early in 1851 he left Cincinnati to take part in the chess tournament in London, intending to return, but never revisited this country. He was after- ward editor of the chess department of several Lon- don journals, conducted the " Chess-Players' Maga- zine "in 1865-7, and wrote several books on the subject. In 1852 he was elected secretary of the St. George's, and in 1857 president of the St. "James's, chess club. In 1867-'9 he published " Transactions of the British Chess Association," and while in the United States he contributed to the " Book of the First American Chess Congress " (New York, 1859).

LOWNDES, Charles, naval officer, b. in Mary- land in 1798 ; d. in Easton, Md., 14 Dec, 1885. He entered the U. S. navy as midshipman in March, 1815, was promoted lieutenant, 13 Jan., 1825, commander, 8 Sept., 1841, captain, 14 Sept., 1855, and was placed on the retired list, 21 Dec, , being commissioned commodore, 16 July, . In 1860-'l he was in command of the steam- sloop " Hartford," and he served as a prize com- missioner in 1864^'5. He was a brother-in-law of Franklin Buchanan, and was suspected of sympa- thizing with the Confederates, which may explain his being placed on the retired list at the compara- tively early age of sixty-three. LOWNDES, Rawlins, statesman, b. in the British West Indies in 1722 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 24 Aug., 1800. His parents having removed to Charleston when he was very young, he was edu- cated there, studied law, and took a high rank in his profession. In 1766 he was appointed by the crown associate judge. Within the succeeding three months he delivered the opinion of the ma- jority of the court, which was contrary to that of the chief justice, in favor of the legality of public proceedings without the employment of stamped paper, waiving all consideration of the stamp-act as a constitutional measure, and only arguing from the common law with reference to the necessities of the case. In 1768 he moved a resolution, which was passed in the South Carolina assembly, for the erection in Charleston of a statue of William Pitt, in acknowledgment of that statesman's services to the colonies and the British constitution. In 1775 he was elected a member of the council of safety and of the committee that was appointed under it. In 1776 he was one of a committee of eleven in- structed to draft a constitution for the province, and subsequently a member of the legislative coun- cil created by the constitution. In 1778 he was chosen president of the province, and gave his offi- cial assent to the new constitution. Savannah was soon captured by the British forces, Georgia suc- cumbed, and South Carolina was threatened. Mr. Lowndes made a vigoi'ous resistance, but, having fewer than 10,000 men in the field, he was unable to oppose overwhelming forces by sea and land. Charleston shared the fate of Savannah, and Lowndes was captured. He was subsequently a member of the South Carolina assembly when the LT. S. constitution was submitted to the states for adoption. He strenuously opposed it, objecting to the restrictions it placed on the slave-trade, which he declared to be the great source of the strength and prosperity of the south ; to the clause giying power to congress to regulate commerce; and to the centralization of power in the Federal govern- ment, protesting that it would reduce the states to the condition of mere corporations and give a dan- gerous superiority to the north. The earnestness of his antagonism may be inferred from the closing sentence of one of his speeches : " I wish for no other epitaph than this : ' Here lies one who op- posed the Federal constitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.' " — His son. Thomas, merchant, b. in Charleston, S. C. in 1765; d. there, 8 July, 1843, received an academi- cal education, engaged in commercial pursuits, and became one of the chief merchants of his native city. He was chosen a member of the 7th and 8th congresses, and served from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1805. — Another son, William Jones, statesman, b. in Charleston, S. C, 7 Feb., 1782; d. at sea, 22 Nov., 1822, was taken to England when he was seven years of age, and sent for three years to an English grammar-school. On his return to Charleston he was graduated at Charleston college, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1804,