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520 marriage with Count Niemcewicz it again became the centre of attraction for scholars and statesmen. After the invasion of Poland by Napoleon in 1807, he returned to Warsaw and was made secretary of the senate. On the annexation of his native country to Russia he became president of the committee on the new constitution. He took an active part in the revolution of 1831, and in his capacity of secretary drew up the resolution that expelled the Romanoff family from the throne of Poland. After the fall of Warsaw he visited England, and thence went to Paris, where he remained until his death. Besides being a patriot and statesman, Niemcewicz was a poet and historian. A complete edition of his works was issued in twelve volumes in Leipsic in 1840. His &ldquo;Historical Songs of the Poles&rdquo; (Warsaw, 1816; German translation, Leipsic, 1833), set to music, with historical sketches, attained great popularity. He also published &ldquo;History of the Reign of Sigismund III. of Poland&rdquo; (3 vols.; new ed., Breslau, 1836); &ldquo;Collection of Memoirs relating to Old Polish History&rdquo; (5 vols.; new ed., Leipsic, 1840); and &ldquo;John of Tenczyn,&rdquo; a romance. In addition to the foregoing he wrote a series of fables and tales in the style of La Fontaine, several dramas that were produced successfully on the stage, and translated from the English poets. In &ldquo;Leb and Sarah, or Letters of Polish Jews,&rdquo; he described the moral and intellectual condition of the Hebrew race in Poland. His eulogy on Kosciusko is considered his masterpiece.

NIEMEYER, Conrade Jacob de (ne-mire), Brazilian engineer, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, 28 Oct., 1788; d. in Rio Janeiro in 1862. He entered the regiment of artillery at Lisbon as a cadet in February, 1803, but in 1833 obtained his retirement with the rank of colonel and gave himself entirely to geographical studies. In 1846 Niemeyer published and dedicated to the Historical and geographical society of Rio Janeiro, of which he had been a member since 1839, his &ldquo;General Chart of the Empire,&rdquo; which gained him the diploma of honorary fellow of that society and of the Geographical society of Berlin. In 1856 he was charged with preparing a chorographic chart of the empire, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, he finished his difficult task to the full satisfaction of the provincial governments. The chart was published in Rio Janeiro in 1860.

NIEMEYER, John Henry (ne-mire), artist, b. in Bremen, Germany, 25 June, 1839. He came to the United States in 1846, residing in Cincinnati, and studied in Paris in 1866-'70 under Jean Léon Gérôme and Adolphe Yvon at the École des beaux arts, in the studio of Louis Jacquesson de la Chevreuse, and also, for some time, in that of Sebastian Cornu. He received three medals in the government schools of Paris. After his studies in Europe he was appointed in 1871 professor of drawing in the Yale school of fine arts. He has painted various genre pictures and portraits, among the best of which are &ldquo;Gutenberg inventing Movable Type&rdquo; (1862); a portrait of Theodore D. Woolsey (1876); &ldquo;The Braid,&rdquo; &ldquo;Where?&rdquo; &ldquo;Why?&rdquo; (1880); and &ldquo;Sancta Simplicitas&rdquo; (1882). He has also executed some bas-reliefs, among them a large medallion portrait of William M. Hunt (1883) and &ldquo;Lilith tempting Eve&rdquo; (1883).

NIETO, José Apolinario (nyay'-to), Mexican naturalist, b. in San Miguel, Hiloxochitlan, in 1810; d. in Cordova, 21 Dec., 1873. At the age of nine years he lost his father, and, being left in great poverty, he learned the trade of a tailor. He obtained the protection of a gentleman of Orizaba, Jose Maria Aguilar, who employed him in his

house and gave him opportunity to continue his studies. At that time the French naturalist, Alexandre Leseur, arrived in Orizaba, commissioned to form a Mexican entomological collection. Nieto aided Leseur in his work, and very soon acquired a knowledge of the French language. After several years he obtained the whole confidence of his protector, who at his death confided to Nieto the administration of his property. In 1838 Nieto moved his residence to Cordova, where he bought a country-seat, tried to acclimatize the silk-worm, and fostered the cultivation of mulberry-trees. In 1845 he returned to Orizaba and there propagated the cinchona-tree, which has since become common in the republic. He contributed to the establishment of the railroad and the telegraph lines that unite the state of Vera Cruz with the capital. Notwithstanding that he was deprived by an accident in 1850 of part of his physical faculties, he continued his scientific work, and contributed to &ldquo;La Naturaleza,&rdquo; the paper of the Mexican society of natural history. He was an honorary member of many scientific societies in Europe and America.

NIETO, Vicente, Spanish soldier, b. in Aranjuez in 1753; d. in Potosi, Bolivia, 15 Dec., 1810. He entered the army as a lieutenant and served in New Spain, becoming in 1795 brevet brigadier-general and honorary colonel of the Pueblo regiment. He returned to Spain in 1806, was in several encounters with the French, commanded a division at the battle of Rio Seco in 1808, and, being promoted major-general at the end of the same year, was sent to serve in Buenos Ayres. In August, 1809, he was appointed by the viceroy, Hidalgo de Cisneros, commander of a division to operate against Chuquisaca, and in November following, by the junta central, president of the audiencia de Charcas. When, in May, 1810, the independence of Buenos Ayres was declared and a patriot army marched against upper Peru, Nieto joined Gen. Jose de Cordova and Francisco de Paula Sanz, intendant of Potosi. The campaign was short, but decisive. The independents were at first defeated at Cotagaita on 27 Oct. and at Tupiza on 29 Oct., but collected their forces, and at Suipacha on 7 Nov. they gained a complete victory, the three royalist generals being made prisoners. Soon all the provinces of upper Peru pronounced for independence, and in the next month, by order of Juan Jose Castelli, member of the junta gubernativa, the Spanish chiefs were shot in Potosi.

NIEUWHOF, Johann Jacob (nyoy-hoff), German navigator, b. in Usen, Westphalia, in 1610; d. on the coast of Malabar, 29 Sept., 1672. He entered the service of the Dutch West India company as supercargo and made several voyages to South America. The Dutch under Prince Maurice of Nassau-Siegen (q. v.) having conquered northern Brazil, Nieuwhof went to that country about 1640, and, being employed to explore the regions between Maranham and San Francisco rivers, made a particular study of the neighborhood of Pernambuco. He left Brazil in 1649 when the Portuguese captured Rio Grande, and passed to the service of the East Indian company. He resided several years in Batavia, was appointed in 1654 steward of the mission to China under Peter van Goyer and Jacob van Keyser, remained in the latter country till 1657, when he became governor of Ceylon. Returning in 1672 to the Indies from Holland, he landed to trade on the Malabar coast, and was not seen again. He was probably murdered by the natives. He left several manuscripts, which were published after his death, including &ldquo;Zonderlinge reis naar Brazilie over zee en over