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472 board of education from 1879 till 1880, and from 1876 till 1881 a manager of the public library of that city, to which he gave 5.000 volumes and 2,500 pamphlets as a nucleus for the " Mussey medical and scientific library," designed as a me- morial to his father. He received the degree of A. M. from Dartmouth in 1869.

MUTIN DE PRESLES, Saturnin Amable (moo-tang), French colonial magistrate, b. in Louisiana in 1721 ; d. in Cape Français. Santo Domingo, in 1779. He received his early education in New Orleans, but finished his studies in Paris, and in 1746 became civil magistrate of Port Louis in Santo Domingo. He was afterward appointed civil justice of Cape Frangais, and member of the privy council of the governor. In 1751 he pre- pared, at the request of the colonial intendant, a modified " code noir," or legislation for the slaves in the French possessions, who were then governed under the laws of the famous code noir that was promulgated by Louis XIV. in 1685. The modifi- cations that Mutin proposed were rejected in the king's council as too favorable to the slaves, but the adoption of his code was nevertheless left to the discretion of the colonial governors, and it probably replaced the Draconian code of 1685 everywhere in the French possessions. Mutin composed also, at the instance of the authorities, a " Histoire generale des iles du vent et sous le vent, suivie d'un traite statistique de la population, des esclaves, et du commerce de ces possessions " (6 vols., Paris, 1762). His other works include " Me- moire sur le gouvernement de la colonie de Saint Domingue, de 1700 a 1725 " (3 vols., 1765) ; " Rela- tion du siege et de la defense de la ville de Saint Louis en 1697" (Cape Frangais, 1772) : '• Memoire a sa Majeste sur I'administration de la justice dans les iles sous le vent, et des reformes a introduire " (2 vols., Paris. 1775).

MUTIS, Jose Celestino (moo-tiss), Spanish botanist, b. in Cadiz, 6 April. 1732 ; d. in Santa Fe de Bogota, 12 Sept., 1808. After studying mathematics he went through the medical course at the College of San Fernando, in Cadiz, was graduated at Seville, and appointed in 1757 pro- fessor of anatomy in Madrid. In this city he be- came acquainted with Linnfeus, wlio later called him " phytologorum americanorum prineeps," and named several plants in his honor. Mutis accom- panied Don Pedro Mesia de la Cerda as his physi- cian in 1760 to his viceroyalty of New Granada. He was appointed professor of mathematics in the College of Nuestra Seriora del Rosario, and was the first to teach, in the viceroyalty, the Coperniean system, which had been prohibited by the Spanish government. Desiring to examine the plants of the hot region, and to visit the silver-mines of Mariquita, he left Bogota and resided first in La Montuosa between Giron and Pamplona, and from 1777 till 1782 in Real del Sapo and Mariquita. At La Montuosa he began his " Flora de Nueva Granada," on which he bestowed forty years of labor, but which remained unfinished at his death. Mutis was the first to discover in New Granada and distinguish the various species of cinchona or Peruvian bark. He has described them and their different properties in one of his works, " El arcano de la Quina, o sea la historia de Ids arboles de la quina." Among the most important plants that he discovered and classi- fied are the ipecacuanha of the river Magdalena. the toluifera, and the myrosylum, from which are extracted the balsam of Tolu and of Peni, the tea-plant of Bogota, and the wintera granadensis. Mutis also made known a plant called " Bejuco del Guaeo," which is an antidote for serpent - bites. In 1786 he discovered a quieksilver-raine near Ibague-viejo. At his solicitation, with that of the viceroy, the court of Madrid founded a royal academy of natural history, with the name of lExpedicion Botanica, and Mutis was appointed its director. The academy first had its seat at Mariquita and afterward at Bogota. Mutis ob- tained the co-operation of the viceroy INfendinueta in the construction in 1802 of an astronomical ob- servatory in Bogota, and the first expenses were met with the money from the sale of quinine that Mutis had sent to Cuba. All the manuscripts and drawings of the great work of Mutis, the " Flora de Nueva Granada," were sent by Morillo to Spain. He was a member of the Jardin botanico de Ma- drid, the Sociedad Vascongada, and the Academy of sciences of Stockholm.

MUTTER, Thomas Dent, physician, b. in Richmond, Va., 9 March, 1811 ; d. in Charleston, S. C., 16 March. 1859. He was graduated- at Hampden Sidney and at the medical department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1831. He then went to Paris and on his return settled in Philadelphia. In 1841 -'56 he was professor of surgery in Jeffer- son medical college. He wrote an account of the salt sulphur springs of Virginia, an essay on " Club- Foot," contributed various professional papers to periodicals, and published an edition of Robert Liston's " Lecture on the Operations of Surgery," with additions (Philadelphia, 1846).

MUY, Jean Baptiste Louis Philippe de Félix-Saint-Maime, Comte du. Fi-ench soldier, b. in Ollioules, France, 25 Dec, 1755; d. in Paris. 6 Jtuie, 1820. He was the nephew of Marshal du Muy, of France. Under the name of Saint-Maime he entered the service in 1766. and in 1775 became colonel of the regiment of Soissonnais infantry. He served under Rochambeau in this country in 1780-'2, and for his gallantry at Yorktown received the cross of St. Louis, a pension, and the brevet of brigadier. In 1784 he succeeded to the title of the Comte du Muy, and he was made field-marshal in 1788. He became lieutenant-general on 6 Feb., 1792, and in 1806 was appointed governor-general of Silesia. In January, 1811, he was created a senator. He commanded the 2d military division at Marseilles in 1812-'14, and was created a peer on 17 Aug.. 1815.

MUY, Nicholas Daneaux do, French soldier, b. in Beauvais, France, in 1651 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, in 1708. He was a knight of St. Louis, and after his arrival in Canada held a command at the defence of Chambly in 1691. He commanded a battalion of regulars under Count de Frontenac in the expedition against the Iroquois in 1696. and soon afterward brought a re-enforcement to Iberville {q. V.) in Newfoundland. He did good service at the capture of Fort St. John, and it was proposed to make him its governor, but, as he considered the number of men allowed him insufficient for its defence, it was burned, and he returned to Placentia. He was appointed governor of Louisiana in 1707, but died on his way to the colony.

MUZQUIZ, Melchor (mooth - kith), Mexican soldier, b. in Santa Rosa, Coahuila, about 1790 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 14 Dec, 1844. He studied in the College of San Ildefonso, Mexico, intending to follow a literary career, but took part in the revolution of 1816. He had risen to the rank of colonel when he was taken prisoner at the estate of Monte Blanco and condemned to death, but afterward included in a pardon by the Spanish government. Refusing to give his word to remain neutral, he joined the forces of Iturbide, and in