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390 and defeated the Archduke Charles of Austria at Heydenheim and in many engagements; but his supplies having been cut off by the withdrawal of Jourdan, who was to co-operate with him, he made a retreat of twenty-six days between three hostile armies, without losing a gun, bringing back 7,000 prisoners. He defeated the Austrians again at Huningen in the following year, commanded in Italy in 1799, and in Germany in 1800, defeating the Austrians at Hohenlinden on 3 Dec. As he was the only military rival of Napoleon Bonaparte, the first consul, becoming jealous, caused him to be accused of complicity with the royalists, and he was sentenced to exile in 1804. Moreau embarked for the United States, arriving with his wife in New York in December. He was received with enthusiasm in this country, but refusing all offers of service he travelled for some time through the country and settled in 1806 in New Jersey, where he bought a villa near Delaware river, a few miles from Trenton. He lived there till 1813, dividing his time between fishing, hunting, and social intercourse. His abode was the refuge of all political exiles, and representatives of foreign powers tried to induce him to raise his sword against Napoleon. When war seemed imminent between the United States and Great Britain, Moreau was offered by President Madison the command of the U. S. troops. He was willing to accept, but the events of the Russian campaign decided him to return to Europe. He was received with enthusiasm by the Emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, drew the plan of campaign against Napoleon, and was directing a movement during the battle of Dresden, 27 Aug., 1813, when he was mortally wounded. His interesting correspondence while he was in the United States has been published several times. Moreau's biographies, both in French and in English, are also numerous. A good edition was published by Hyde de Neuville, French consul-general in New York, entitled &ldquo;Éloge historique du Général Moreau&rdquo; (New York, 1814).

MOREAU, Louis Zepherin, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Becancour, Quebec, 1 April, 1824. He was educated at the Seminary of Nicolet, and or- dained priest, 19 Dec, 1846.' Till 1876 he was assistant secretary of the bishopric of Montreal, and he has been also secretary of that of St. Hya- cinthe, procureur and vicar-general of that diocese, and cura of the cathedral. On 16 Jan., 1876, he became bishop of St. Hyacinthe.

MOREAU-CHRISTOPHE, Louis Mathuriu, French economist, b. in Loches in 1799 ; d. in Paris in 1883. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1825, but abandoned his profes- sion in 1830, when he was appointed inspector of the prisons of the department of the Seine. He was sub-prefect of Dreux in 1833-'7, and in the latter year was appointed inspector-general of the prisons of France, which post he held till the revo- lution of 1848. He undertook to reorganize the penitentiary system, and studied the prisons of various European countries and of the United States. He was so much impressed with the regu- lations of the Cherry Hill penitentiary in Phila- delphia that he thoroughly reformed the French prisons on the same plan. In 1841 he revisit- ed the United States to study the institutions of refuge for deserted and criminal children, and on his return to France founded the colony of Met- tray on a plan similar to that of the reformatories of the state of New York. Moreau visited the United States many times, and introduced into France every improvement in our prison system. His numerous works include " De la mortalite et de la folie dans le regime penitentiaire, et speciale- ment aux Etats-Unis de I'Amerique du Nord " (Paris, 1839) ; "' Rapport sur les prisons de I'Ame- rique du Nord " (1844) ; " Documents officiels sur le penitencier de Cherry Hill a Philadelphie " (1844) ; " Defense du nouveau projet de loi sur les prisons eontre les attaques de ses adversaires " (1844) ; '^ Code des prisons de 1670 a 1861 " (4 vols., 1845-'69) ; " Le monde des coquins " (2 vols., 1863-'5) ; " Du probleme de la misere, et de sa so- lution chez les peuples anciens et modernes " (1851 ; revised ed.. 2 vols.. 1865).

MOREAU DE SAINT MERY, Mederic Louis Elie, French administrator, b. in Fort Royal, Martinique, 13 Jan.. 1750: d. in Paris, 28 Jan., 1819. At the age of about twenty years he went to France and entered the royal police force. At the same time he studied law, and in three years was familiar with mathematics and the code. In 1773 he was admitted to the bar by the parliament of Paris, returned to Martinique to arrange his affairs, and began to practise in the court of Cape Fran^ais. In 1780 he was called to the superior council of French Santo Domingo, and occupied his leisure time in collecting material about the laws, geography, and history of the French colo- nies. He searched the archives and the notary's office of the island for information, and during a visit to Santo Domingo in 1783 discovered the tomb of Christopher Columbus, which he restored at his own expense. He was sent as a representative for Santo Domingo to parliament, and contributed to the election of Lafayette as chief of the National guard. He was deputy for Martinique in 1790 in the constituent assembly, occupying himself espe- cially with the colonial affairs. He was imprisoned with the Duke of Rochefoucauld on account of political disturbances, but escaped, and, taking ref- uge in the United States, established in Philadel- phia a printing-office and book-store, and published various works. About 1800 the French government appointed him councillor of state, but in 1806 he was deposed by Najjoleon. and after that time lived in retirement. He left many works of merit, including " Lois et constitutions des colonies Fran- daises de I'Amerique, sous le vent, de 1558 a 1785 " (6 vols., Paris, 1784-'90) ; " Description topogra- phique et politique de la partie Espagnole de Pile de Saint Domingue " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1796) ; " Description de la partie Frangaise de I'ile de Saint Domingue " (2 vols., 1797-'8) : and " Reper- toir de notions eoloniales " (2 vols., Paris, 1801).

MOREHEAD, Charles Slaughter, governor of Kentucky, b. in Nelson county, Ky., 7 July, 1802 ; d. near Greenville, Washington co.. Miss., 23 Dec, 1868. He was educated at Transylvania, studied law, which he practised in Frankfort, and was elected to the legislature in 1828. From 1830 till 1835 he was attorney-general of Kentucky, and he served again in the legislature in 1838-'45, offici- ating as speaker in the last three years. He was then elected to congress as a Whig, serving from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1851. He was again a member of the legislature in 1853, was governor of Kentucky from 1855 till 1859, and was one of the most devoted friends and supporters of Henry Clay. He then removed to Louisville, where he practised law, and was a delegate to the peace con- vention in Washington in 1861, and also a member of the border state convention which met in Frank- fort in that year. His endeavors to bring about the secession of Kentucky occasioned his arrest in 1861, but after imprisonment in Fort Lafayette his friends secured his release and he went to England, where he resided during the remainder of the civil