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Rh gress, where he attacked the Liberal party, and soon became chief of the Conservatives. As such he was elected president in 1851, and re-elected for a second term in 1856, and ruled the country with a firm hand, repressing many revolutionary move- ments. Although much blood was spilled at Lon- gorailla, Cerro Grande, and San Felipe, he crushed all opposition, and the year 1859 witnessed the last military revolution in Chili. Notwithstanding his oppressive rule, the country owes to him in a great measure its progress and flourishing condition. He fostered the construction of the first railroads, established telegraph-lines, protected immigration, founded in the province of Valdivia the flourishing colony that bears his name, abolished tithes, intro- duced steam navigation to the southern ports, and established a thorough system of popular educa- tion. His services to the country were recognized by his appointment as deputy for Chili to the American congress that met in Lima in 1865, of which body he was chosen president. At the time of his death he was president of the supreme court, which place he had held since 1844, with the excep- tion of his,terms as minister and president.

MONTUFAR, Lorenzo (mon-too'-far). Central American statesman, b. in Guatemala, 11 March, 1823. He studied philosophy and jurisprudence in the university of his native city, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and soon attracted notice. In 1848, when Gen. Rafael Carrera {q. v.) executed nine citi- zens without trial, Montufar published a violent pamphlet against him, and was forced to secrete himself. The supreme court, whose members were all of the opposition, gave him the degree of LL. D. after an examination in secret session, and on 24 June he left for Salvador. He was well received by President Vasconcelos, and appointed district attor- ney of San Vicente ; but when Carrera, to appease the opposition, convoked a constituent assembly, Montufar was elected a member by his party, and returned on 8 Sept. After Carrera's resignation, and his recall from Mexico in August, 1849, Mon- tufar emigrated to Costa Rica, where he was ap- pointed in 1850 judge of the supreme court and professor of jurisprudence in the university. In 1856 he became minister of foreign relations and public instruction, and during the invasion of William Walker he was sent as minister to Hon- duras. After the war he resigned, and began to practise law, but was subsequently obliged to flee to Salvador. President Gerardo Barrios appointed him minister to the United States, and also sent him to London on a financial mission. After the deposition of Barrios, Montufar went to Costa Rica, where he resumed practice and edited the paper " El Quincenal Josefino." In the latter he opposed the administration of President Jesus Jimenez, and in 1866, being ordered to leave the country, went to Salvador, where President Duefias appointed him minister to Peru. A treaty of commerce that he negotiated with that country was disapproved by Duefias, and, seeing the unstability of affairs in Central America, Montufar was admitted to the bar in Lima and practised his profession there. After the fall of President Jimenez on 27 April, 1870, Montufar returned to Costa Rica, and was ap- pointed minister of foreign affairs. In 1871 he was president of the Liberal convention from the five republics at Amapala, and in June of that year was called by the new president of Guatemala, Grana- dos, to the ministry of foreign affairs, but declined, preferring to resume the same post in Costa Rica. He resigned the portfolio in 1874. and when Guardia recalled the Jesuits in 1875, Montufar's opposition became offensive to the dictator, and the former left the republic, returning to his native Guate- mala, where President Barrios {q. v.) appointed him minister to Madrid. On his return he was elected judge of the supreme court, and commissioned to form a new code of law. He was minister of pub- lic instruction and foreign affairs in 1877-8, in 1879 deputy to the constituent assembly, and a member of the commission to revise the new con- stitution, and in 1880-'l held again the portfolio of foreign affairs. In 1882 he was sent as minister to Washington, commissioned to obtain the arbitra- tion of the United States in the boundary dispute with Mexico ; but when in June of that year Barrios appeared in Washington, and, against Mon- tufar's advice, ceded a strip of the countiy in ques- tion, the latter resigned, but remained in the United States. After Barrios's death in April, 1885, Mon- tufar returned to Guatemala, but a Liberal club that he formed displeased President Barillos, and on 16 Sept. he was arrested, carried to the port of San Jose, and sent to California. From Acapulco he returned to San Salvador, where President Me- nendez commissioned him to write a work on the administrative law of that country, but he was ex- pelled on demand of President Barillos, and went to Costa Rica, where he was appointed professor of political economy, and ordered by the government to write a work on William Walker's career in Central America, which is now (1888) ready for the press. In the latter part of 1887 President Barillos, changing his policy, recalled Montufar and ap- pointed him minister of foreign affairs. He is a member of the " Real Academia Espaiiola " and numerous other scientific associations of Europe and America, and has written '• Critica del Gobier- no servil de Guatemala " (Costa Rica, 1854) ; " De- fensa del General Gerardo Barrios " (London, 1863) ; a volume containing three pamphlets against the Jesuits (Costa Rica, 1872); " Memorias Historicas de Centro America" (5 vols., Guatemala, 1881); " El Evangelio y el Syllabus " (Costa Rica, 1884) ; "Un Dualismo Imposible" (San Salvador, 1886); and many pamphlets on legal questions and in favor of (i'entral American unity.

MOOAR, George, educator, b. in Andover, Mass., 27 May, 1830. He was graduated at Williams in 1851, and" at Andover theological seminary in 1855. He was pastor at Andover in 1855-'61, at Oakland, Cal., in 1861-72 and since 1874, and has been professor of systematic theology and church history in Pacific theological seminary, Oakland, since 1870. fle was one of the commission of twenty-five appointed by the national council of Congregational churches to prepare a church creed and catechism in 1881-4. He has been associate editor of "The Pacific" since 1863. and is the author of " Historical Manual of the South Church, Andover" (Andover, 1859); "Handbook of the Congregational Churches of California " (San Fran- cisco, 1863) ; " The Religion of Loyalty" (Oakland, 1865) ; and "The Prominent Characteristics of the Congres:ational Churches " (San Francisco, 1866).

MOODIE, John Wedderbar Dunbar, Canadian author, b. in Malsetter, Orkney islands, 7 Oct., 1797; d. in Belleville, Out., 22 Oct., 1869. He was the son of Maj. James Moodie, and in 1813 entered the British army as 2d lieutenant in the 21st regiment of foot. He was wounded in the attack at Bergen-op-Zoom on 8 March, 1814, and soon afterward retired from the service on half-pay. In 1819 he joined his elder Brother, Benjamin, who had emigrated to South Africa, and remained in that country ten years. He returned to England in 1829, married Susanna Strickland in 1831, and, emigrating with her to Canada in 1832, settled