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Rh  ou Nouvelle France du Nord sur le système agraire&rdquo; (1667). The Jesuits replied bitterly to his attacks, accusing Father Michel of having become imbued with Protestant doctrines, and entered a formal accusation of heresy against him, but his sudden death saved him from the effects of their resentment. Michel's letters have not been reprinted in book-form, owing, probably, to the opposition of the Jesuits. They are very interesting, as they give details regarding both the Indians and the internal dissensions among the Jesuits and Recollets in Canada.

MICHEL, Jacques Léonard, surnamed (me-shell), French buccaneer, b. in Orthez in 1620; d. in Tortugas in 1677. He served in the French army, rose to the rank of captain, and afterward entered the service of the Company of the West Indies. In 1654 he was lieutenant-governor of Tortugas, but resigned and armed a ship, with which he made war against the Spaniards. Either alone, or in association with other privateers, he pillaged the coasts of Santo Domingo, Cuba, Porto Rico, Venezuela, and of the Gulf of Darien, and became such a terror to the Spanish that they surnamed him the Dreadful. Uniting his forces in 1666 with those of L'Olonnais, they stormed and plundered Cape Leogane on the western coast of Santo Domingo, and afterward took Maracaibo and San Antonio de Gibraltar in Venezuela, where they secured a booty of $1,600,000. Michel afterward devastated the coasts of Honduras and pillaged the city of Porto Caballo in 1673, but was so severely wounded during that expedition that he was no longer able to continue his war against the Spaniards. He died with the reputation of being the most humane buccaneer of his time.

MICHEL, William Middleton, physician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 22 Jan., 1822. He was edu- cated in his native city and in Paris, France, and was graduated at the Medical college of South Carolina in 1847. In 1848 he founded at Charles- ton the Summer medical institute, which he con- ducted till 1861. He was editor of the "Confed- erate States Medical and Surgical Journal " in 18G3-'4, has been president of the State medical society, and now (1888) holds the chair of physi- ology and histology in South Carolina medical college. Dr. Michel is a member of various medi- cal societies in the United States and abroad, and has contributed largely to the literature of his pro- fession, and has made several valuable discoveries in embryology. He also theoretically predicted the functions of the rod and cone layer of the retina before they were demonstrated in Germany. He has made researches on the " Development of the Opossum," his report of which to the American assiici;itii)ii for the advancement of science led to a disciis>i(in between him and, Louis Agassiz.

MICHELIN, Henry Etienne (meesh-lang). West Indian historian, b. in Jeremie, Ilayti, in 1726 ; d. in Cape Fran9ais in 1795. He received his early education in Santo Domingo, but finished his studies in Paris, and obtained an appointment in the colonial administration at Cape Fran9ais, •devoting his leisure time to historical researches. He published " Histoire des bouccaniers ou fli- bustiers de Tile de la Tortue " (2 vols., Paris, 1769) ; "Histoire des conquetes et de la domination des Prangais en Amerique"(2 vols., 1774); "Histoire de I'ile de Saint Domingue" (1776); "Tableau statistique de la population, du commerce et des industries dans la partie Frangaise de File de Saint Domingue, compare avec les releves ofliciels pour la partie Espagnole " (2 vols., 1785) ; and several less important works.

MICHELSON, Albert Abraham, physicist, b. in Strelno, Poland. 19 Dec, 1852. He was graduated at San P'rancisco high-school in 1869, and at the U. S. naval academy in 1873, and held the rank of ensign until 1877, when he was pro- moted master. In September, 1881, he resigned from the navy to become professor of physics at the Case school of applied science in Cleveland. Ohio. Prof. Michelson's reputation depends large- ly upon his series of investigations on the velocity of light. His researches at the U. S. naval acade- my during 1878-'80 resulted in his experimental determination of that velocity as 186,305 miles a second. His later investigations have been pub- lished as " The Relative Motion of the Earth and Luminiferous Ether" (1881); "A New Sensitive Thermometer" (1882): "Interference Phenomena in a New Form of Refractometer " (1882) ; " A Method for Determining the Rate of Tuning- Forks " (1883) : " Velocity of Light in Carbon Di- sulphide and of Red and Blue Light in Same " (1885) ; " Influence of Motion of this Medium on the Velocity of Light " (1886) ; " On a IMethod for mak- ing the Wave Lengths of Sodium Light the Abso- lute and Practical Standard of Length " (1887). The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Western Reserve imiversity in 1885, and by Stevens institute of technology in 1886. He is a member of various scientific societies, was elected vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science in 1887, and will have charge of the section on physics at the Cleveland meeting in 1888.

MICHIE, Peter Smith (my'-key), engineer, b. in Brechin, Scotland, 24 March, 1839. He came to this country in early life, and was graduated at Woodward high-school, Cincinnati, in 1857, and at the U. S. military academy in 1863, where he stood second in his class. He was assigned to the en- gineer corps as 1st lieutenant, and served as assist- ant engineer in the operations against Charleston, S. C, in 1863-'4, as chief engineer of districts in the Department of the South, and as assistant and then chief engineer of the Army of the James. He was brevetted captain and major, 28 Oct., 1864, for services in the campaign of that year against Richmond, brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 Jan., 1865, " for meritorious services in 1864," and lieu- tenant-colonel, 9 April, 1865, for the campaign that ended in Lee's surrender. He was promoted captain, 23 Nov., 1865, and since 1867 has served on the staff of instruction at the U. S. military academy, first as assistant in the departments of engineering and chemistry, and after 14 Feb., 1871, as professor of natural and experimental philosophy. From June till November, 1870, he served on a commission that visited Europe to collect information on the fabrication of iron for defensive purposes. Prof. Michie has been a mem- ber of the board of overseers of the Thayer school of civil engineering of Dartmouth since 1871. Princeton gave him the degree of Ph. D. in 1871, and Dartmouth that of M. A. in 1873. He has published " Wave Motion, relating to Sound and Light" (New York, 1882); "Life and Letters of Emerj' Upton" (1885); "Analytical Mechanics" (1886) ; and " Ilvdromeehanics " (West Point, 1887).

MICHLEE, Nathaniel, soldier, b. in Easton, Pa„ 13 Sept., 1827; d. in Saratoga Springs. N. Y., 17 July, 1881. His great-grandfather, John Wolf- gang, a Moravian minister, came to this country in 1743. Nathaniel, after studying at Lafayette, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, assigned to the corps of topographical engineers, and served on the Mexican boundary survey in 1851-'7. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, 19