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236 began in 1816 operations against the royal forces. In April, 1817, his followers numbered more than 5,000, and the Brazilian government organized against him a powerful expedition under Col. Mello. During the following month several bat- tles were fought with varying success ; but the forces of Marlines diminishing day by day, and re- solving on a bold enterprise, he marched against Bahia, and encountered Col. Mello on 16 May. in the valley of Ipajuco. The insurgents were finally routed and Martines taken prisoner. He was taken on the following day to Bahia, tried and condemned to the gallows by a court-martial.

MARTINEZ, Enrique (mar-tee'-neth), some- times improperly called Enrico Martin, Mexican engineer, b., according to Torquemada, in Ger- many, but probably, according to late researches, in Ayamonte, Andalusia, about 1570 ; d. in Mexico in 1632. He studied mathematics, geography, and hydraulics, was appointed cosmographer to the king, and, coming to Mexico as interpreter of the inquisition, established a printing-office in that city. The valley of Mexico being threatened re- peatedly with inundation by the overflow of the lakes of Zumpango and San Cristobal into that of Texcoco. the viceroy. Marquis de Salinas, appointed a scientific commission which recommended a plan that was proposed by Martinez and the Jesuit Juan Sanchez to cut an open canal from Lake Zum- pango to Cuautitlan river at Huehuetoca, and thence construct a tunnel through the hills of Nochistongo, the lowest spot in the mountains bounding the valley on the north, to El Salto on Tula river. Martinez was put in charge of the work, which was begun on 28 Nov., 1607, with great solemnities, ilore than 15,000 Indians were employed in the work. After scarcely ten months of labor the tunnel was finished, and on 23 Sept., 1608, the water passed through it for the first time. It was more than five miles long, eleven feet wide, and fourteen feet high, but it soon proved insufficient, and the loose earth through which it was cut began to crumble. Martinez asked for an appropriation to enlarge the tunnel, but without avail. In 1614 the Flemish engineer Boot recom- mended a system of dikes, which failed to give re- lief, and Martinez's tunnel was maintained, but with- out giving him the means for the required enlarge- ment. In 1623 the new viceroy. Marquis de Gelves, desiring to show that the tunnel was superflu- ous, ordered the water of Cuautitlan river to be re- turned to its former bed, and the entrance of the tunnel to be obstructed, but in the same year heavy rains fell and Lake Texcoco began to threaten an inundation of the city. The communication with the tunnel of Nochistongo was restored, and Mar- tinez was ordered to repair it, but with insufficient means, and on 20 June, 1629, heavy rains swelling the rivers, the dikes broke and the city was inundated to the depth of nearly six feet. Martinez, accused of tampering with the sluices in order to demon- strate the necessity of improving the tunnel, was imprisoned by order of the viceroy. The city re- mained flooded till 1682, when Martinez was set at liberty and ordered to finish the work of drain- age by enlarging the tunnel, but his sufferings and a cold that he had contracted in supervising the laborers resulted in his death soon afterward, and the work was alternately abandoned and resumed at the approach of dangei*. In 1687 it was resolved to change the plan of the work by substituting an open cut through the mountain for the tunnel. A Franciscan monk, Luis Flores, was put in charge of the work, which was continued with many in- terruptions, and was not finished till 1767. It has never entirely fulfilled its purpose, and it is prob- ably reserved for American enterprise to complete the project of draining the valley of Mexico. The cut is now (1888) about ten miles long, the greatest breadth 861 feet, and the greatest depth 197 feet, and the Mexican cen- tral railway runs through it at a height of from 100 to 200 feet above the water -course, sometimes almost directly over the canal. In 1888 a statue was erected to the memory of jMartinez on the square of the Sagra- rio, east of the ca- thedral of Mexico. (See illustration.) Martinez wrote " Discurso sobre la magna eonjuncion de los planetas Jii- piter y Saturno, acaecida en 24 Diciembre 1603 en Sagitario" (Mexico, 1604); a trea- tise on cosmography, under the title " Repertorio de tiempos, e historia natural de la Nueva Espaiia " (1606, printed by the author) ; and other works ; and designed thirty-two maps of the Pacific coast of Mexico and plans of its ports and bays that are preserved in the archives of the council of Indies.

MARTINEZ, Pedro, Spanish missionary, b. in Celda, Aragon. 15 Oct., 1523 ; d. about nine miles from the mouth of St. John's river, Fla., 6 Oct., 1565. He took a vow of perpetual chastity when he was a boy, ultimately became a member of the Society of Jesus, and in 1558 accompanied the army of Count Alcahudete in the African cam- paign. Before setting out for the conquest of Florida in 1565, Menendez applied lor some Jesuits to accompany him. Martinez was appointed their superior, but he did not sail with Menendez, going several months later with another expedition. When the vessel came within sight of Florida, it took a northerly direction, different from that of the other ships. The captain, on reaching the shore, directed some of his sailors to land in a boat and explore the country. They refused to expose themselves to unknown dangers, but at last about twelve Belgians and Spaniards consented to obey if Martinez would accompany them. The Jesuit at once leaped into a boat and landed with the ex- ploring party, being thus the first of his order to step on Nortli American soil. No sooner had he done so than a storm arose and the ship was driven from the coast. The position of the explorers was now one of great danger, and would have been hopeless but for the energy and courage with which Martinez inspired his companions. They stayed on the coast for ten days, and met with many ad- ventures in their efforts to reach a settlement. At one of the rivers Martinez waited for two Belgians who had been exhausted by their journey, and he was overtaken and killed bv savages.

MARTINEZ DE ALDUNATE, Jose Antonio, Chilian R. C. bishop, b. in Santiago in 1730; d. there, 8 April, 1811. He studied in the Jesuit college of San Francisco Javier, and in 1755 was graduated as doctor in theology and law in the University of San Felipe, and appointed professor