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Rh he exclaimed that he would rather stay and sur- render than desert the wounded. For this expres- sion Gen. Porter brought charges against him. and after recovering from a severe illness he demanded a court of inquiry, which fully exonerated him. He was appointed military governor of Washing- ton in November, 1862, where he remained until he was relieved at his own request in May. 1864, joined Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's army, and in the operations south of Richmond and the siege of Petersburg led a division. He subsequently com- manded the 18th corps, and held the advanced line on the Appomattox until he was compelled by sick- ness to leave the field. He resigned his commis- sion on account of disability on 13 Sept., 1864. For gallant conduct at Malvern Hill he was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers. He resumed the practice of law in Rochester, and in 1866-'8 was attorney-general of New York state. He was for many years vice-president of the Board of managers for soldier's homes.

MARTIN DE MOYVILLE, Edouard Nicolas Henry, French explorer, b. in Calais in 1715; d. in Paris in 1779. His father was a " fermier gene- ral " of taxes, and the son followed the same career for several years. Being left at the death of his father with an independent fortune, he abandoned this pursuit, and opened his parlors to philosophers and authors. But his former profession had left a stain upon him, and he resolved to emigrate to Canada, which the peace of 1748 had restored to the French. Settling in Quebec in 1749, he was made a consulting member of the " Conseil sou- verain " of the city, and, by the suggestion of the governor-general, purchased a vast tract of land west of the peninsula of Upper Canada. After several unsuccessful attempts to colonize his new estate, Martin began to study the flora of Canada, then scarcely known to Europeans. During five years he explored Lower and Upper Canada, Acadia, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, descending as far south as the New England states, west to Lake Michigan, and north to Hudson bay. He formed an herbarium of 1,450 plants, 180 of which were new. The war of 1756 put an end to his explo- rations, and he returned to Paris. On his arrival he immediately sent a paper to the Academy of sciences, in which he narrated his journeys, and, being invited by that body to undertake the pub- lication of a flora of Canada, associated himself with the naturalist Gaudin, who classified the plants and gave them scientific names. They published " Flore du Canada " (6 vols., Paris, 1769)"; " De I'acclimatation des pi antes Europeennes au Canada " (2 vols., 1771, with fig.) ; and " Histoire, description et proprietes des plantes medicinales de la vallee de Saint Laurent au Canada " (2 vols., 1773, with fig.). Martin published "Journal de voyage a travers la Nouvelle France du Nord ou Canada" (1761); "Expose de I'etat du Canada de 1750 a 1756" (1766); and "Les Six Nations," an essay on the history of the Canadian Indians (1772).

MARTIN DE MOUSSY, Jean Antoine Victor (mar-tang), French physician, b. in Moussy le Vieux, 26 -lune, 1810; d. in Boiirg la Reine, near Paris, 26 March, 1869. He went in 1841 to Rio de Janeiro, and in 1842 to Montevideo, where he practised his profession with success. Having become rich, he abandoned medicine, and found- ing an astronomical observatory, which he after- ward presented to the city, he made, during ten years, valuable observations on atmospheric cur- rents. In 1846, during the siege of Montevideo by Rosas and Oribe, by his suggestion, the foreign residents formed a National guard divided in two legions, the French mider Col. Thiebaut, and the Italians and other foreigners under Garibaldi. Martin was elected physician of both legions, which rendered valuable services to the city in preserving order and checking riots till the peace of 1852, when they dissolved. Martin then began an ex- ploration of the river Plate, which the govern- ment had intrusted to him, and from 1855 till the end of 1858 travelled through South America, making a survey of Plate, Uruguay, and Paraguay rivers. In 1859 he returned to France on account of failing health. An account of his travels was published at the expense of the Argentine govern- ment. His works include " Description geo- graphique et statistique de la confederation Ar- gentine " (10 vols., Paris, 1860-'5) ; " Essai sur la topographic physique et medicale du departement et de la ville de Montevideo " (2 vols., 1861) ; and " Une annee dans les Cordillieres des Andes de Chaco et de Copiapo " (1865).

MARTINEAU, Harriet, English author, b. in Norwich, England, 12 June, 1802; d. in Ambleside, 27 June, 1876. She was descended from a family of French Huguenots that settled in Norwich on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Her father was a manufacturer and died early, leaving eight children unprovided for. Harriet received a good education under the supervision of her uncle, an eminent surgeon, but was compelled to earn her own livelihood. Being afflicted, when still young, with a constantly increasing deafness and a total lack of the sense of smell, she found her chief amusement in literary composition, and ultimately decided to depend upon her pen for support. In 1834-'6 she travelled extensively in the United States, and on her return recorded her impressions of American life and institutions in a work entitled &ldquo;Society in America&rdquo; (3 vols., London, 1837). She also published &ldquo;Retrospect of Western Travel&rdquo; (3 vols., 1838), which gave more of her personal experiences. Her health became so seriously affected in 1839 that she was long obliged to desist from all literary occupation. On recovering, through the agency, as she believed, of animal magnetism, she published in 1844 an account of the treatment in a letter which excited much attention. In 1852 Miss Martineau formed a connection with the London &ldquo;Daily News,&rdquo; to which she contributed leading articles and biographical and other papers. At her death she left in the office of the above-mentioned journal an &ldquo;Autobiography,&rdquo; written in 1855, which was published posthumously (London, 1877; Boston, 1877). Miss Martineau's writings are very numerous and include travels, works on history, political economy, and philosophy, and stories for children. Besides those already mentioned, she published two books referring to the United States, &ldquo;The Martyr Age&rdquo; (New York, 1839) and &ldquo;History of the American Compromises&rdquo; (1856).

MARTINES, Domingo Jose (mar-tee'-nes), Brazilian insurgent, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1780; d. in Bahia, Brazil, 18 May, 1817. He was a merchant, and, becoming involved in difficulties, he fled to South America in 1807 to escape punish- ment. He studied law in Pernambuco, and, being admitted to the bar, made a fortune in a few years. But the particulars of his former life becoming known, his practice began to diminish, and he abandoned his profession to become a politician. His eloquence won him many partisans, as he ad- vocated the independence of Brazil and republican principles. Entering into negotiations with Gen. Victoriano and Gen. Cavalcante, he received prom- ise of support, and I'aising a corps of guerillas, he