Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/255

Rh ness for the beauties of the vegetable kingdom. In 1767 he came into the possession of the family estate, and in 1773 he planned and created the botanic garden at Marshallton, which soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of the United States, together with many curious exotics; also of a large collection of native herbaceous plants. As late as 1849 a large part of these still survived, although the garden from neglect had become a mere wilderness. He held for many years the offices of treasurer for Chester county and trustee of the public loan office. In 1786 he was elected a member of the American philosophical society, and he was a member of other scientific societies. He published &ldquo;Arboretum Americanum: the American Grove, an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States&rdquo; (Philadelphia, 1785), which &ldquo;was received with marked approbation and was promptly translated into the prevalent languages of continental Europe.&rdquo; See &ldquo;Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall&rdquo; (Philadelphia, 1849).

MARSHALL, James Wilson, discoverer of gold in California, b. in Hope, Warren co., N. J., in 1812; d. in Coloma, Cal., 8 Aug., 1885. He received a plain education, learned the trade of coach and wagon builder, and about 1833 bought a farm on the Platte river, near Fort Leavenworth, Kan. In 1844 he emigrated to California and entered the service of Gen. John A. Sutter. He volunteered in the Bear Flag war, serving through the entire campaign that resulted in a treaty, recognizing the independence of California, that was signed in March, 1847. After his discharge Marshall returned to Sutter's Fort, but abandoned the stock farm that he had established and entered the lumber business with Gen. Sutter in Coloma. On 18 Jan., 1848, while superintending the construction of a mill-race, he found a nugget of gold, and, collecting several ounces of the ore, took the specimens to Sutter's Fort. His discovery brought a great influx of adventurers into California, many of whom, knowing that gold had been discovered in Coloma, went there, seized Marshall's property and stock, and divided his land into town-lots, even disputing the title to the land that he had purchased prior to his discovery, and he became reduced to extreme poverty. Another version of the story is that two Mormons who were employed by him had found both gold and platinum and hidden their pile of treasure, and that this was the deposit that was accidentally found by Marshall. It is said that he never denied this statement. A bronze statue of Marshall is to be placed on the spot where the discovery was made.

MARSHALL, Josiah, merchant, b. in Billerica, Mass., in 1771 ; d. in Providence, R. I., in Novem- ber, 1848. His father was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary army, and he was ninth in descent from a captain in Oliver Cromwell's army. In his youth he removed to Boston, where he became a wealthy merchant. Mr. Marshall was largely en- gaged in the East India trade and first conceived the gigantic commercial plans on the northwest- ern coast of America, which John Jacob Astor afterward partiallv carried out. — His daughter, Emily, b. in Boston, 27 June, 1807 ; d. there, 17 Aug., 1836, was noted for her beauty and is men- tioned in many memoirs and reminiscences. She married William Foster Otis, of Boston.

MARSHALL, Orsamns Holmes, historian, b. in Franklin, Conn., 13 Feb., 1813; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 9 July, 1884. His father. Dr. John E. Mar- shall, was one of the earliest settlers of Buffalo. When the British burned that town in the war of 1812-'13 Dr. Marshall sent his wife to their former home in Connecticut, and there the son was born. When he was two years old his parents returned to Buffalo, where he passed his life. He was graduated at Union college in 1831, read law in Buffalo, and attended lectures at Yale, and was admitted to practice in 1834. He was a well-known member of the Buffalo bar till his relinquishment of practice in 1867. Mr. Marshall gained a wide reputation as the historian of the aboriginal inhabitants of west- ern New York. He was personally acquainted with Red Jacket and other chiefs, and received from them much of the data for his works. Mr. Mar- shall held no public office except that of U. S. commissioner for the northern district of New York. He was for some time chancellor of the University of Buffalo. Among his more important papers are " Champlain's Expedition in 1613-'15 against the Onondagas"; "The Expedition of the Marquis de Nonville in 1689 against the Senecas" ; " The Expedition of De Celeron to the Ohio in 1749;" "La Salle's First Visit to the Senecas in 1699 " (privately printed, 1874) ; " Historical Sketches of the Niagara Frontier," read before the Buffalo historical society; " The Building and the Voyage of the ' Griffon ' in 1679," before the same society ; and " The History of the New York Char- ter, 1664-1674." These sketches, since his death, have been collected and published in book-form by his son. Charles D. Marshall, with an introduction by William L. Stone (Albany, 1887).

MARSHALL, Thomas, planter, b. in Virginia about 1655; d. in Westmoreland county, Va., in 1704. His father, John, a captain of cavalry in the service of Charles I., emigrated to Virginia about 1650. He owned a large plantation in Virginia, and was the head of the Marshall family of Virginia and Kentucky. &mdash; His grandson, Thomas, b. in Washington parish, Westmoreland co., Va., 2 April, 1730; d. in Mason county, Ky., 22 June, 1802, was the son of &ldquo;John of the Forest,&rdquo; so called from the estate that he owned, was educated in Rev. Archibald Campbell's school, and subsequently assisted Washington in his surveying excursions for Lord Fairfax and others, for which he received several thousand acres of land in West Virginia. He was a lieutenant of Virginians in the French and Indian war, and participated in the expedition of Gen. Braddock against Fort Duquesne, but, having been detailed as one of the garrison at Fort Necessity, was not at the defeat. In 1753 he accepted the agency of Lord Fairfax to superintend a portion of his estate in the &ldquo;Northern neck,&rdquo; and in 1754 married Mary Randolph, daughter of Rev. James Keith, an Episcopal clergyman of Fauquier. In 1765 he removed to Goose Creek, and in 1773 purchased &ldquo;The Oaks&rdquo; or &ldquo;Oak Hill&rdquo; in Leeds parish in the northern part of Fauquier county. In 1767 he was high sheriff of Fauquier county, and he was frequently a member of the house of burgesses. He condemned and pledged resistance to the encroachments of the crown, and was a member of the Virginia convention that declared her independence. In 1775, on the summons of Patrick Henry, he recruited a battalion and became major of a regiment known as the &ldquo;Culpepper minute-men.&rdquo; He afterward became colonel of the 3d Virginia regiment. At the battle of Brandywine his command was placed in a wood on the right, and, though attacked by greatly superior numbers, maintained its position without losing an inch of ground until its ammunition was nearly expended and more than half its officers and one third of the soldiers were killed or wounded. The safety of the patriot army