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Rh years.&rdquo; In 1878 Prof. Marsh was president of the American association for the advancement of science, and for many years he was president of the National academy of sciences. He was a fellow of the Geological society of London, from which, in 1877, he received the Bigsby medal for important discoveries in paleontology, and also a member of many other European and American scientific societies. In 1886 the University of Heidelberg conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D., and the same year he received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard.

MARSH, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Danville, Vt., 3 July, 1796; d. in Underhill, Vt, 1 April, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1821, and at Andover theological seminary in 1824. He was ordained in 1825, and, after serving as a home missionary in New England for two years, was pastor of various Congregational churches in Vermont for nearly forty years. He originated in 1827 the system of colportage that has since been employed with excellent results by the American tract society, the American Sunday-school union, and other religious societies. Mr. Marsh was an able debater, and had repeated controversies with representatives of other denominations. He was a profound biblical scholar, and his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew was very thorough. In 1852 he was settled in Underhill, Vt., and continued there until his death. His publications, including essays and sermons on temperance and anti-slavery, were very popular, and during the latter part of his life he wrote 1,000 biblical hymns, some of which were published.

MARSH, Sylvester, engineer, b. in Campton, N. H., 30 Sept., 1803; d. in Concord, N. H., 30 Dec., 1884. He had but little opportunity for education. In 1826 he established himself as a provision-dealer in Boston, and later was engaged in Ashtabula, Ohio, in supplying Boston and New York with beef and pork. He settled in Chicago during the winter of 1833-'4, and there followed a similar business till 1837, when his accumulations were swept away in the financial crisis of that year. He began again in the grain business, and acquired a substantial fortune. Meanwhile he was active in all that pertained to the advancement of Chicago, and ranks among its founders. The meat-packing industry was originated by him, and he invented many appliances that were incidental to its success, especially those having reference to the use of steam. He invented the dried-meal process, and &ldquo;Marsh's caloric dried meal&rdquo; is still an article of commerce. In 1864 he settled in Littleton, N. H., and after 1879 made Concord, N. H., his residence. While ascending Mount Washington in 1852 he lost his way, and then conceived the idea of building a railroad to its summit, believing that such an enterprise could be made profitable. He obtained a charter for the road on 25 June, 1858, but the civil war prevented any action until May, 1866. The construction of such a road was regarded as impossible, and he became known as &ldquo;Crazy Marsh&rdquo;; indeed, the legislature, in granting him a charter, further expressed their willingness to grant a &ldquo;charter to the moon&rdquo; if he wished. Notwithstanding all opposition, he persisted in building the railroad, relying chiefly on his own resources, and received but little encouragement from capitalists till an engine was actually running over part of the route. The peculiar form of locomotive, cog-rail, and brakes used were invented by Mr. Marsh. The road was formally opened on 14 Aug., 1868, as far as &ldquo;Jacob's ladder&rdquo; (see illustration), and entirely completed in July, 1869. Its length is 2.81 miles, and the ascent 3,625 feet,

making the average grade of 1,290 feet to the mile. There are nine curves, of radius varying from 497 to 945 feet. The indispensable peculiarity of this road is its central cog-rail, which consists of two pieces of wrought-iron, parallel to each other and connected by strong pins. The teeth of the driving-wheel of the engine play into the spaces of these bolts, and, as it revolves, the engine climbs or descends, resting on the outer rails, which are four feet and seven inches apart. For stopping trains and controlling their descent, both friction and atmospheric brakes are employed, and their complete reliability has been proved by the severest tests. The engines weigh about six and a half tons, and are rated at fifty horse-power, but by their gearing this power is greatly increased, at the expense of speed, which is two miles an hour. The engine always takes the down-hill end of the train, which consists of locomotive, tender, and one car, accommodating about fifty passengers. The cost of the road was $139,000, and its capital stock is $129,000. Not an accident has occurred on the road to any of its 130,000 passengers down to 1888. During the construction of this road it was visited by a Swiss engineer, who took away drawings of the machinery and track, from which a similar railway has since been built up Mount Rigi in Switzerland. Another road, built on similar plans, is in successful operation to the summit of Green mountain, Mount Desert, Me.

MARSHALL, Andrew, clergyman, b. in South Carolina about 1755 ; d. in Richmond, Va.. 8 Dec, 1856. He was a negro slave, and was sold to John Houston, colonial governor of Georgia, who bequeathed him freedom, Marshall at one time having saved his master's life. The executors, failing to carry out the will, sold him again, but he ran away and was sold at large to Judge Joseph Clay. When Gen. Washington visited Savannah he was appointed the general's body-servant. The embargo having taken effect in Savannah at the opening of the Revolution, fifteen merchants of that city agreed to give him a purse of $225 if he would carry word to several American vessels that lay in a bay on the lower seaboard, in which achievement he was successful, fle witnessed many stirring events during the Revolution, and his personal recollections of Gen. Nathanael Greene and accounts of his death agreed with the historical records. Through diligence and economy he purchased his freedom and that of his family. He united with the Baptist church when he was nearly fifty years of age, and was ordained pastor of the second colored Baptist church in Savannah, and when .this became large enough for division was made pastor of the part which called itself the First African Baptist church, and held this charge until his death, preaching also in Charleston, New Orleans, and elsewhere in Georgia. He also conducted a large portage and draying business in