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212 Disapproving both the military and the political course of Gov. Claiborne F. Jackson, he resigned his commission, and went to Richmond to tender his services to the Confederate government. Jef- ferson Davis gave him a commission as 1st lieu- tenant, and he joined the command of Gen. William J. Hardee in southeastern Arkansas, was promoted lieutenant-colonel a few weeks later, and in the autumn was made colonel of the 3d Confeder- ate infantry. His regiment at Shiloh bore the guiding colors of the battle -line, and captured the first prisoners of the day. He fought with conspicuous gallantry in the front until he was wounded in the second day's fight. While in hos- pital he was promoted brigadier-general. In Au- gust, 1863, he was transferred to the trans-Missis- sippi department, commanded in northwestern Arkansas and Missouri for six months, and made frequent raids, engaging the National forces with varying fortune until finally he compelled Gen. Bliint's withdrawal to Springfield, Mo. In 1863 he entered Missouri with 4,000 men and extricated Gen. Carter near Cape Girardeau, but vras pursued and brought his force away with difficulty. He . took part in the unavailing attack on Helena in July, 1863, and subsequently, with his cavalry di- vision, contested in daily combats the advance of Gen. Frederick Steele on Little Rock, and after its fall covered Gen. Sterling Price's retreat. In an attack on Pine Bluff he captured the National camp and stores. When Gen. Steele was marching in the spring of 1864 to co-operate with Gen. Banks against Kirby Smith, Marmaduke harassed and delayed him by repeated attacks, and enabled Gen. Smith to overtake and defeat Steele's com- mand at Jenkin's Ferry. For these services Mar- maduke was made a major-general. In the follow- ing summer he had an indecisive encounter with Gen. Andi'ew J. Smith at Lake Village, Ark., and in the autumn took part in Price's invasion of Missouri, but after several battles and skirmishes was surrounded and compelled to surrender near Fort Scott, 24 Oct. He was confined as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren till August, 1865. After a journey in Europe for the restoration of his health, he returned to Missouri in May, 1866, and engaged in the commission business, and in 1869-'71 in that of life insurance. He then became part proprietor of the " Journal of Commerce," established in St. Louis the " Evening Journal," and also carried on the " Illustrated Journal of Agriculture." In June, 1873, he retired from journalism, and became sec- retary of the state board of agriculture. In 1875 he was appointed railroad commissioner, and in 1876 was elected to that office for four years. In 1884 he was elected governor of Missouri.

'''MARMETTE. Joseph,''' Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 25 Oct., 1844: d. in 1895. Among other works he published "Charles and Eva" (1868); " Francois de Bienville '" (1870) ; " L'Intendant bigot" (1872); " Le Chevalier de Momac " (1873); " La fiancee du rebelle " (1875) ; and " Les Macha- bees de la Nouvelle France " (1878).

MARMIER, Xavier (mar-mee-av), French au- thor, b. in Pontarlier. Doubs. 24 June. 1809; d. in 1892. He was educated in Besangon, and became a journalist when eighteen years of age. afterward visiting Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland, and going in 1830 to Paris, where he published a vol- ume of poetry. He was editor of the " Revue Ger- manique " from 1832 till 1834, was sent in 1835 on a mission to northern Europe. and in 1839 appointed professor of foreign literature in the University of Rennes. Resigning a few months later, he became librarian of the home department, and went in on a voyage of three years to North America, visiting Canada and the northern United States. In 1846 he became librarian of the Sainte Gene- vieve library in Paris, which post he still held in 1888. Returning again in 1847 to this country, he visited the western states, and in particular Cali- fornia, which he explored thoroughly. Since that time Marmier made several trips to this country, and published a set of works about the United States which at first were the cause of much dis- cussion, as the author, contradicting the received ideas about the United States, explained for the first time to Europeans the true condition of things in the New World, and claimed that most of them were improvements on the customs of the Old World. On 19 May, 1870, he was elected a mem- ber of the French academy. Marmier, as a rule, was an author of much exactness and impartiality, but was sometimes a little severe in examining new customs that offended his European tastes. His works number over one hundred, and not only have passed through many editions, but have been translated several^ times into English and Spanish. They include " Etudes sur Goethe " (Strasburg, 1835); "Langue et litterature islandaises " (Paris, 1838) ; '• Histoire de Tislande depuis sa decouverte jusqu'a nos jours " (1838) ; " Lettres sur le nord " (2 vols., 1840); "Voyage en Californie '" (1849); "Lettres sur I'Amerique" (2 vols., 1852); "En Amerique et en Europe " (1859) : " De Paris a San Francisco " (1860) ; " Gazida '" (1860) ; " En chemin de fer" (1864); and " De Test a I'ouest " (1867). He also published numerous articles con- cerning this country, its development, its future, and the civil war, in " Revue des Deux-Mondes." the " Revue Britannique," and the " Annales des Voyages."

MARMOL, Jose (mar'-mole), Argentine poet, b. in Buenos Ayres, 5 Dec, 1818 ; d. there, 12 Aug., 1871. In early life he began to take part in the polities of his country, and was elected several times as deputy and afterwai'd senator for the province of Buenos Ayres. attaining notice by his eloquence in defence of popular rights. He also travelled extensively through South America and part of Europe, and on his return was appointed director of the National library at Buenos Ayres, which place he occupied till shortly before his death, when he became totally blind. His prin- cipal works are " El Peregrino " and '' Las Armo- nias,'' poems describing his impressions of travel (Buenos Ayres, 1856) ; the dramas " El Cruzado " (I860) and " El Poeta " (1862) ; and " La Anialia," a historical romance describing accidents of the war of the roses in England (1866) This is his best work, and has been translated into French and German. A selection from his works has been published under the title " Obras poeticas y drama- ticas de Jose Marmol ' (Paris, 1875).

MAROTO, Rafael (mah-ro'-to), Spanish soldier, b. in Lorca, Spain. 18 Oct., 1780: d. in Santiago, Chili, 25 Aug., 1853. He entered the military service in his youth, and in December. 1813, commanded a regiment that was sent as a re-enforcement to Peru. On his return to Chili he commanded in the battle of Rancagua, 2 Oct., 1814. and after his promotion to brigadier obtained from Gen. Marco the command in the battle of Chacabuco against San Martin, 12 Feb., 1817, where he was defeated. He then retired to Peru and was appointed president of Charcas in 1818. At the beginning of 1822 he marched to Potosi and defeated the insurgents, who had proclaimed independence. Gen. Olaiieta accused him before the viceroy, La Serna, of insubordination and treason,