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210, and held the post of minister again until 1877, atter the triumph of the Tuxtepec revolution, headed by Gen. Diaz, against Lerdo's government, when he returned to Mexico. After the Tuxtepec revolution had been sanctioned by the country and Gen. Diaz was elected president, Mariscal was ap- pointed magistrate of the court of appeals of the Federal district, and in December, 1879, secretary of justice and of public instruction. He succeeded at that time in reforming the codes of pi'oceedings that he had before introduced at the department of justice. On 22 Nov., 1880, he was appointed sec- retary of foreign affairs, and he arranged shortly afterward the renewal of diplomatic relations be- tween Mexico and France. This post he held until May, 1888, when, an agreement having been made for the renewal of official relations between Mexi- co and Great Britain, he was appointed minister at the court of St. James. He remained in Lon- don until 1 Dec, 1884, when Gen. Diaz, who had been re-elected president, appointed him secretary of foreign affairs, which post he still (1888) holds. During Mariscal's service at the state department in Mexico, several questions of the greatest gravity were settled, including that of the boundary dis- pute with Guatemala.

MARKHAM, Clements Robert, English ex- plorer, b. in Still ingfleet, near York, 20 July, 1830. He was educated at Westminster school, entered the navy in 1844. and became a lieutenant in 1850, but resigned the following year on returning from an expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. In 1852-'4 he explored Peru and the forests of the €astern Andes. Subsequently he entered the civil service and was placed in charge of the geographi- cal department of the India office in 1868. He be- came secretary of the Hakluyt society in 1858 and of the Royal geographical society in 1863, and in 1872-'8 edited the " Geographical Magazine." Mr. Markham introduced the cultivation of the cin- chona-plant into India and Ceylon in 1860-T. He aided in preparing a manual of arctic discoveries and other information for the use of the expedition to the north pole that was sent out under his brother, Commander Albert H. Markham, in May, 1875. He is the author of many works on geographical and historical subjects, including " Franklin's Foot- steps '' (London, 1852) ; " Cuzco and Lima " (1856) ; " Travels in Peru and India " (1862) ; " A Quichua Grammar and Dictionary" (1863); "Ollanta, a Quichua Drama " (1871) ; " The Threshold of the Unknown Region " (1874) ; " A Memoir of the Countess of Chinchon " (1875); "Peruvian Bark" (1880) ; and " The War between Chili and Peru " (1883). He has translated several Spanish accounts of the conquest of Peru for the Hakluyt society and superintended manv of its other publications.

MARKHAM, Jared Clark, architect, b. in Ty- ringham, Mass., 18 Nov., 1816. He is a direct de- scendant of Sir Robert Markham, a knight of <5ueen Elizabeth's time. He was educated in the common schools and under private tutors, and read law, but abandoned it for architecture. He is the architect of the Saratoga monument, and designer of the bronze allegorical interior bas-re- liefs. (See Gates, Horatio.) He published and edited at Troy, N. Y., in 1860, under the auspices of the Saratoga county agricultural society, a magazine devoted to the industrial interests of New York state, and is the author of an " Appeal to the American People in Behalf of National Monuments " (New York, 1872) ; " Monumental Art" (1884) ; and " Historic Sculpture " (1886) ; be- sides frequent contributions to architectural pe- riodicals. He is now (1888) engaged on a work to be entitled " Elementary Principles of Art : its Nature and Uses in the Development of Individual and National Character."

MARKHAM, William, colonial governor, b. in England about 1635 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 June, 1704. He was a first cousin of William Penn, who, after obtaining the charter for Penn- sylvania, appointed him, on 10 April, 1681. his deputy, with authority to establish courts, settle boundaries, sell lands, and exercise every right that was granted to Penn except that of calling a legislative assembly. Markham sailed for Boston soon after obtaining his commission and made his way thence to New Y^ork, where he exhibited his credentials and received from the acting governor a letter to the local officials on the Delaware, noti- fying them of the transfer of authority. He ar- rived at Upland (now Chester), the only town then in Pennsylvania, and on 3 Aug., 1681, constituted a council composed of six Quakers and three of the earlier settlers. At the end of the year, with surveyors that had been sent by Penn to lay out a great town of 10,000 acres, he selected the site for Philadelphia. On 15 July, 1682, he purchased from the Indians the site of Pennsbury Manor and adjoining lands on Delaware river. Soon after Markham's arrival. Lord Baltimore came to Up- land to confer with him regarding the boundary- line between the respective grants, which was de- fined in one charter as the thirty-ninth and in the other as the fortieth parallel. On the coming of William Penn, 27 Oct.. 1682, the commission of his deputy lapsed. Markham was chosen a mem- ber of the council, and in the following summer went to England to represent the proprietor in the controversy with Lord Baltimore, which was brought before the lords in council, but was not arranged till after Penn's death, and not finally settled till the drawing of Mason and Dixon's line. In 1684, when Penn went to England to try his cause before the government, Markham returned to this country and became secretary of the prov- ince. He also acted as secretary to the proprie- tary till 1699, and was appointed a commissioner to sell lands in 1686, and in 1689 an auditor of ac- counts. He was an adherent of the Church of England, and sympathized with the Swedish, Dutch, and earlier English emigrants in their dis- putes with the Quakers. In the conflict between Capt. John Blackwell and Thomas Lloyd he sided with the former. In 1691 the territories that com- pose the present state of Delaware were separated from the province, and Markham was appointed deputy governor over them. When the crown as- sumed the administration of Pennsylvania in 1693, he acted as Gov. Benjamin Fletcher's deputy, and, on the restoration of the province to Penn in Au- gust, 1694, was commissioned lieutenant-governor, and administered both the province and the terri- tories till the arrival of the proprietor for the sec- ond time at the close of 1699. The assembly that he convened in September, 1695, assumed that the old constitution had expired, and passed new funda- mental laws of a democratic character. Markham dissolved the assembly, but did not renew the con- test when the legislature of October, 1696, framed a constitution that made the people the source of honor and of power and reduced the governor to a mere presiding officer in the council. In opening the next assembly in May, 1697, he said: "You are met not by virtue of any writ of mine, but of a law made by yourselves." During his adminis- tration of the government he was accused by the surveyor-general of customs of conniving at piracy, neglecting to enforce forfeitures of bonds, and ad-