Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 4).djvu/240

206 theology, and later in civil and canonical law. He was appointed professor of jurisprudence in that college, and was at the same time president of the College of lawyers. In 1808 he became counsellor to the tribunal of commerce, and in 1810, on the deposition of President Carrasco, the new ruler, Toro Zambrano, appointed Marin his legal adviser. When independence was resolved upon, the first governing junta elected him secretary, 18 Sept.. 1810, and as such he formulated the declaration of independence, and arranged the details of the new administration. On 15 Nov., 1811, Carrera made him his associate in the second governing junta, and in 1814, after the defeat of Rancagua, he went to Buenos Ayres, where he worked assiduously for the emancipation of his country, and returned with San Martin. In 1823 he was appointed by Gen. O'Higgins attorney-general, but declined, and was elected by congress judge of the supreme court. In 1825 he was banished by the dictator, Ramon Freire, but in 1827 recalled by congress and elected deputy for San Fernando. He proposed the law for the recall of Gen. O'Higgins, was one of the promoters of the new liberal constitution in 1828, and before 1837 was several times deputy to con- gress and president of that body.

MARINA, or MALINTZIN (mah-ree'-nah), Mexican woman, b. in Painala, province of Coatza- coalco, in the beginning of the 16th century ; d. in Mexico after 1550. Her father was a vassal of the Mexican emperor and cacique of several districts. Shortly after his death her mother married again and had a son. In order that he might succeed to the property that Marina inherited from her father, her mother and step-father spread a report of her death and sold her as a slave to some merchants of Xicalanco. The merchants sold Marina to the ca- cique of Tabasco, who gave her as a present to Cortes, with nineteen other Indian women, to pre- pare Indian corn for the Spanish troops. She was baptized with her companions, and received the name of Marina. She is said by Diaz del Castil- lo to have been singularly beautiful. In addition to the language of her country she understood the Maya dialect of Yucatan and Tabasco, and in a short time she had mastered Castilian, which rendered her very useful to her new masters. When the Spaniards landed at Chahchiuhcuecan, now Vera Cruz, 21 April, 1519, they found that the in- terpreter, Aguilar, was of no service to them, as he spoke only Maya. Cortes was in great embar- rassment, when an accident led to the discovery that Marina understood the language of the coun- try. The general, says Castillo, took her aside and promised her not only her freedom, but other ad- vantages if she would be a faithful interpreter. Then he learned from her the particulars of her life, and from that time she gained an influence over him that she never lost. She was not only the medium of negotiation between the Spaniards and the Mexicans, the Tlascaltecs, and the other tribes of Anahuac, but she often saved their lives by warning them of the dangers that surrounded them. They owed their escape at Cholula entirely to her ingenuity. In Mexico she was constantly the intermediary between Cortes and Montezuma and his subjects, and it was by her address that the monarch was finally induced "to put himself in the power of the Spaniards. She accompanied the con- queror in all his expeditions as interpreter and counsellor. During a laborious and perilous jour- ney that she made with him in the province of Honduras in 1524 she travelled through her native land. Her mother and brother presented them- selves before her in great terror, lest she should avenge the wrong they had done her, but she re- ceived them with affection. After the conquest she married Juan de Jaramillo, a Spanish gentle- man. She had a son by Cortes who was named Don Martin, and who, notwithstanding his illegiti- macy, was made a knight of Calatrava in consid- eration of the nobility of his mother. In 1566 he was accused of rebellion on a vague suspicion^ and put to the torture in Mexico, notwithstanding the services that his mother had rendered to the Spanish nation. Nothing is known of her further life except that in 1550 she presented a petition to the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, complaining that the Indians of her commandery of Jilantongo re- fused to pay her tribute or render personal service, as they were obliged to do.

MARINHO, Jose Antonio (mah-reen'-yo), Bra- zilian educator, b. in Salgado, 7 Oct., 1803 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 3 March, 1853. He was of mulatto parentage, and had many difficulties in obtaining an education. He intended to study for the min- istry, but was refused at first because of his Afri- can descent. Later he was accepted by recom- mendation of the Marquis of Caravellas in 1820. In 1831 he was ordained priest, and in 1832 he ob- tained the chair of philosophy in the city of Ouro Preto. In 1839 he was appointed preacher to the imperial chapel, and in 1840 counsellor in ecclesi- astical matters. He belonged to the most ad- vanced Liberal party, and in 1835 and 1837 suf- fered as a friend of reforms. In 1842 he took part in the revolution of Minas, and, after the defeat of the insurgents in Santa Luzia, he was persecuted and took refuge in the country, where he wrote his " Historia da revolu^ao de Minas." In 1844 he re- turned, having obtained a pardon from the em- peror. In 1845 he established a school in Rio Ja- neiro, where he introduced the newest educational methods. The fame of this institution brought many students from the empire and also from the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Paraguay, and he numbered among his pupils nearly all the Bra- zilians that have attained note in later years.

MARIÑO, Santiago (mah-reen'-yo), Venezuelan soldier, b. in the island of Margarita in 1788 : d. in Victoria, 4 Sept., 1854. He entered the military service in his youth, and in 1810, joining the popular party, was appointed captain by the supreme junta of Caracas. He was afterward promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and appointed commander of the coast of Guiria, for his valiant defence of which he was made colonel. After the capitulation of Gen. Francisco Miranda {q. v.), he retired to his estate of Chacachacare, in the island of Trinidad, but when the terms of that capitulation were violated by the Spaniards, with forty-four companions he sailed in two open boats. 12 Jan.. 1813, for the coast of Guiria, where he armed a battalion from the slaves of his estates, and captured on the following day the town of Guiria. After defending Maturin against the royalists, he attacked and conquered Antoiianzas, in Cumana, on 3 Aug., and took Barcelona on 19 Aug. He defeated Gen. Jose Boves in Bocachica, 31 March, 1814, and effected his union with Bolivar. After the defeat of Aragua on 12 Aug., they embarked in the vessels of the privateer " Bianchi," reached Carupauo, and on 8 Sept. sailed for Cartagena. Marino accompanied Bolivar in the expedition from Les Cayes, 30 March, 1816, and on 7 May was appointed second in command of the army. On 1 June, Marino marched to Guiria, and was victorious at Yaguaraparo and afterward at Rio Caribe, Carupano, and Cariaco. In 1817 he refused to recognize the authority of Bolivar, and in May was