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200 pole," in which the author shows that Guiana needed a separate legislature (1834) ; " La Guiane examinee au point de vue de colonie de deporta- tion " (1826) ; " De Tinfiuence de la revolution franyaise dans la Guiane franyaise " (1829) ; " His- toire du gouvernement de Victor Hugues a Ca- yenne, de 1800 a 1811 " (2 vols., 1830).

MARCH, Alden, surgeon, b. in Sutton, Wor- cester CO., Mass., 20 Sept., 1795; d. in Albany, N. Y., 17 June, 1869. His early life was passed on a farm, and he received his education in the pub- lic schools, in which he afterward taught for a short time. He subsequently attended medical lectures in Boston and at Brown, where he was graduated in medicine in 1820. He then settled in Albany, N. Y., was professor in the Vermont academy of medicine in 1825-31, in Albany med- ical seminary in 1827-'33, in Albany medical school in 1833-4, and in 1834 established a school of practical anatomy. The three last-named insti- tutions were the forerunners of Albany medical college, of which he was a founder and its pro- fessor of surgery from 1839 until his death. He was also a founder of the Albany city hospital, to which he bequeathed $1,000, and he left a similar sum, with his pathological museum, to Albany medical college. He was president of the New York state medical society in 1857, was a founder, and in 1864 president, of the American medical association, and an honorary member of the chief medical societies in the United States. Williams gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. Dr. March was a bold and skilful operator, and originated, among other important surgical appliances, an im- proved splint for use in hip-disease (1853) ; im- proved hare-lip forceps (1855) ; instruments for the removal of dead bone (1860) ; and a new instru- ment for removing iirinary calculi (1867). His numerous essays on medical subjects are of perma- nent value to the profession. He also published " Wounds of the Abdomen and Larynx " (Phila- delphia, 1854), and " Improved Forceps for Hare- Lip Operations " (1855).

MARCH, Charles Wainwrisrht, author, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 15 Dec, 1815; d. in Alexan- dria, Egypt, 24 Jan., 1864. He was graduated at Harvard in 1837, studied law, and practised in Portsmouth, N. H. He served for some time in the legislature, but, removing to New York city, he became an editorial writer on the " Tribune " and the " Times," and was a correspondent of the " Boston Courier " under the pen-name of " Pe- quot." His later years were passed in Egypt. Mr. March was a brilliant essayist. His publications include " Daniel Webster and his Contemporaries " (New York, 1850), and " Sketches in Madeira, Por- tugal, and Spain " (1856).

MARCH, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Millbury, Mass., 21 July, 1816. He was graduated at Yale in 1840, studied theology, and was ordained in 1845, and since that date has had charge of Pres- byterian and Congregational churches. The Uni- versity of western Pennsylvania gave him the de- gree of S. T. D. in 1864. His publications include " Walks and Homes of Jesus " (Philadelphia, 1866) ; " Night Scenes in the Bible " (1868) ; " Our Father's House " (1870) ; " From Dark to Dawn " (1873) ; and '• Home Life in the Bible " (1875).

MARCH, Francis Andrew, author, b. in Mill- bury, Mass., 25 Oct., 1825. He was graduated at Amherst in 1845, and. after serving as a tutor there in 1847-'9. studied law in New York, and was ad- mitted to the bar. After teaching in Fredericks- burg, Va., in 1852-'5, he became tutor in Lafayette college, where he was made adjunct professor in, professor of the English language and comparative philology in 1857, and in 1877 lecturer in the law department. He received the degree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1870, and from Amherst in 1871, and that of L. H. D. from Columbia in 1887. In 1873 he was elected president of the American philological association, and in 1876 he became president of the Spelling reform associa- tion. He is an honorary member of the London philological society, a member of the American philosophical society, and a vice-president of the London new Shakespeare society. He has con- tributed articles on philology to the "Transac- tions " of that body, to the National educational as- sociation, the United States bureau of education, to the "Jahrbuch fiir romanische und englische Litera- tur " in Berlin, and articles on jurisprudence and psychology, including discussion of Sir William Hamilton's theory of perception and his philoso- phy of the conditioned to the " Princeton Review " (I860 ; reprinted in London, 1861). His other pub- lications include " A Method of Philological Study of the English Language" (New York, 1865); "Parser and Analyzer for Beginners" (1869); " Anglo-Saxon Grammar " (1870) ; and " Introduc- tion to Anglo-Saxon" (1871). He has edited a series of college text-books of the Greek and Latin Christian authors, including " Latin Hymns " (1874); "Eusebius" (1874); "TertuUian" (1875); " Athenagoras " (1876); "Justin Martyr" (1877); and has "superintended the work of the American readers for the historical dictionary of English, now publishing for the University of Oxford for the philological so/;iety (1879 et seq.) have appeared.

MARCHAIS, Etienne Renaud, Chevalier des (mar-shay), French navigator, b. in Sevres in 1683 ; d. in Versailles in 1728. He entered the navy as a midshipman when he was fifteen years old, and be- came a lieutenant in 1704, but resigned to enter the service of the Company of the Indies. For several years he made voyages from Cayenne to the coast of Guinea in Africa to procure negro slaves for that French possession. In 1724 he became representative of the company in Cayenne, and re- sided there for several years, returning to France only a few months before his death. He left a narrative of his travels, which was published after- ward by Labat {q. v.), and later in the " Collection generale des voyages," under the title of " Voyages faits par le Chevalier Renaud des Marchais en Gui- nee, aux iles voisines et a File de Cayenne, durant les annees 1724, 1725, 1726, contenant une descrip- tion tres exacte des pays parcourus, et suivis de renseignements precis sur le commerce qui s'y fait " (4 vols., Paris, 1730 ; Amsterdam, 1731). He also wrote " Relation du voyage fait a la cote de Guinee et aux iles des Antilles et Cayenne par le Chevalier Renaud des Marchais en' 1704, suivie d'une description des moeurs des habitants de ces pays" (2 vols., Paris, 1730; Amsterdam, 1731).

MARCHAL, Nicolas (mar-shall'), Dutch traveller, b. in Groningen in 1731 ; d. in Amsterdam in 1802. He entered the Dutch colonial service, and resided many years in Java and Sumatra. In 1783 he became lieutenant-governor of Dutch Guiana, and afterward was sent on missions to the West Indies and South America to ascertain how the Dutch government might peacefully recover its former possessions there. He ascertained everywhere that the descendants of the Dutch colonists were satisfied with their present condition and entertained no desire to return to Dutch do- minion. The French revolution and the troubles that ensued in the West Indies put a stop to the travels of Marchal, but he nevertheless assisted the