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186 their rights over the island of Montreal to the Sulpitians. On her return to Canada she conse- crated the remainder of her life to the work she had founded. Her life has been published (2 vols., Villemarie, 1854).

MANCO CAPAC (mang-ko-kah-pack'), founder and first inea of the empire of Peru, d. in Peru about 1107. He is supposed to have been some stranger from a for- eign land, who gath- ered the savage tribes together on the bor- ders of Lake Titicaca and persuaded them that he was the off- spring of the sun, and had been sent to earth, with Mama- Oclla Huacco, his sis- ter and wife, to make men good and hap- py. The Peruvians, according to their tradition, listened to his instructions submissively. The naked men who were scattered through the forests assembled at his command, and were taught by Manco to till the earth, direct the course of the streams, and protect themselves against the severity of the weather, while the In- dian women learned from Oclla Huacco the art of weaving wool and cotton, obedience to their hus- bands, and how to train their children. Then Manco Capac proceeded to establish his power on the basis of religion. He abolished human sacri- fices, taught his subjects to adore as a supreme but unknown God the great Pachacamac (the soul or support of the universe), and to offer externally their principal homage to the sun, his father, as a known and visible god, the soui-ce of light and fertility, and, after him, to the stars and the moon. He afterward laid the foundation of the city of Cuzco (the navel or centre of the earth), in the beautiful valley of that name, surrounded it with villages, divided the Peruvians into several tribes, and placed chiefs or "Caracas" over them, who governed the people as lieutenants of the inca. After instituting the festival of the sun, he raised temples to this deity, which he adorned with gold and silver. Manco Capac lived to see the empire prosper that he had founded, and then, feeling his strength diminishing, he told his subjects that he was going to rest in the bosom of the sun, his father, and died after a happy reign of thirty or forty years. He was succeeded by Sinchi Rocca- Inca, his eldest son, whose reign was signalized by the same kindness and benevolence. Such is the tradition of the origin of the incas or sovereigns of Peru. The empire comprised at first only the valley of Cuzco, but the successors of Manco Capac extended its boundaries widely, less from love of conquest than desire to civilize barbarous tribes. The Peruvians celebrated the obsequies of Manco Capac for three months, and embalmed his body carefully with aromatic preparations. Looking on him as a divinely commissioned legislator, they wor- shipped his memory with superstitious observances.

MANCO INCA YUPANQUI, sometimes wrongly called Manco Capac IL (mang-ko-ing- ka-yu-pang'-ke), inca of Peru, b. in Cuzco in 1516; d. in the Andes in 1544. He was the son of Huaina Capac, the twelfth monarch in succession from the founder of the state. After the death of his brother, Atahualpa {q. v.), he was acknowledged inca by the city of Cuzco and the adjacent coun- try, although the Spanish conqueror had bestowed the royal dignity on another brother of Atahualpa, who died shortly afterward. When Cuzco was besieged by the invaders, Manco defended the city, and when he was forced to abandon his capi- tal took refuge in the mountains. But, imagining that his conquerors were beings of a superior nature, he consented to receive the crown of his ancestors from the hands of Pizarro and recog- nize the supremacy of the king of Spain. After an interview with the conqueror he made his pub- lic entry into Cuzco in 1534 in a palanquin, es- corted by a Spanish guard, and was presented the next day to the people and girt with the royal fil- let. Not being able to obtain the restoration of all his rights according to the terms of the treaty, and seeing that on the contrary he was closely guarded, he determined to escape. Though strictly watched, he found means of communicating his plans to tiiose of his followers who were to be intrusted with their execution. His attempts, although carried on with great secrecy, were at first unsuc- cessful, but Hernando Pizarro having arrived in Cuzco in 1536, he obtained his permission to at- tend a national festival at some distance from the capital. It was arranged that the principal chiefs of the empire should be present at this solemnity. As soon as Manco joined them, he unfurled the standard of war, and in a short time all the fighting men from Quito to Chili were in arms. The Spanish troops had been divided, in order to invade differ- ent provinces. The inca cut several detachments to pieces, and then besieged Cuzco, which was de- fended by 170 men, with a force that amounted to 200,000, if the Spanish chroniclers are to be be- lieved. He also sent a division to besiege Lima. He had succeeded in making himself master of the citadel and a part of the capital, when the arrival of Almagro from Chili, with a body of troops, saved the Spanish garrison. The inca en- tered into negotiations with Almagro, whose hos- tility to Pizarro he was acquamted with, but after the rejection of his overtures he attacked the Spanish forces, and was defeated with much slaugh- ter. Almagro afterward proposed to Manco to unite with him against Pizarro, but the inca re- fused this alliance with scorn, saying, according to Spanish historians : " I have taken up arms to re- cover my rights and restore freedom to the Peru- vians, not to protect the designs of one vile usurper against another." Then the unfortunate prince, despairing of regaining his kingdom, disbanded his army and tried to persuade his subjects to submit to their conquerors. He fled to Villa- pampa, in the heart of the Andes, in 1537, where he was killed in a brawl several years afterward by a fugitive partisan of Almagro to whom he had given hospitality.

MANDERSON, Charles Frederick, senator, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Feb., 1837. He was educated in the schools of his native city, removed to Canton, Ohio, in 1856. studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859, and in 1860 elected city solicitor. He raised a company of three months' volunteers in April. 1861, was commissioned as captain in the 19th Ohio infantry, served in western Virginia in the summer of 1861, and when mustered out re-enlisted for the war, and was afterward attached to the Array of the Cumberland, and rose through the various grades to be colonel of his regiment, of which he took command during the battle of Shiloh. At the battle of Lovejoy Station he was so severely wounded that in April, 1865, after receiving the" brevet of brigadier-general, he resigned his commission. Resuming the