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126 England. Both in New York and New England the Moravians were accused of being spies of the French, and in consequence their missionaries were made to suffer. Mack was arrested and imprisoned at Milford, Conn., and banished from the province of New York. But such persecutions speedily came to an end when, in 1749, the parliament of Great Britain acknowledged the Moravians to be an ancient episcopal church, and invited them to settle in this country. Meanwhile Mack had founded Gnadenhuetten, a nourishing Christian Indian settlement in the Lehigh valley, Pa. At a later time he founded Nain, another Christian Indian town, near Bethlehem. He was in the full tide of successful work when he was unexpectedly called to the West Indies as superintendent of the missions in the Danish islands. Although it cost him a hard struggle to give up his labors among the aborigines and leave America, he accepted the call, and for twenty-two years devoted himself to the interests of the negro slaves in St. Croix, St. Jan, and St. Thomas, where he resided. In 1770 he visited Bethlehem, where he was consecrated to the episcopacy on 18 Oct. On returning to the West Indies he continued his work, and in the midst of that war between England and France that grew out of the American Revolution he visited all the missions on the British islands, and twice narrowly escaped capture. The negroes loved and revered him as a father. A great throng of them, dressed in white, followed his remains to the grave.

MACKALL, William Whann, soldier, b. in 1818 ; d. in Langley, Va.. 19 Aug., 1891. He was graduated at the U". S. military academy in 1837, became 1st lieutenant in 1838, and adjutant in 1840, assistant adjutant -general with the rank of captain in 184(5, serving throughout the Mexican war. and receiving the brevets of captain, for gallantry at Monterey, and major, for Contreras and Churubusco. He was wounded at Chapultepec. He was treasurer and secretary of the military asylum in the District of Columbia in 1851-'3, became assistant adjutant- general with the rank of major at the latter date, declined promotion to a lieutenant-colonelcy in May, 1861, and resigned to join the Confederate army. He served in Kentucky as assistant adju- tant-general to Gen. Simon Buckner, with the rank of colonel, until after the surrender of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, was subsequently appointed brigadier-general, commanded at Island No. 10 at the time of its surrender, and was confined in Port Warren until exchanged.

MACKAU, Ange Rene Armand, Baron de (mack-o'), French naval officer, b. in Paris, 19 Feb., 1788 ; d. there, 13 May, 1855. He belonged to an Irish family that had settled in France, was edu- cated at the College of Juilly with Prince Jerome Bonaparte, and on entering the navy was assigned to the same ship with the prince. His promotion was rapid, and was not interrupted by the Resto- ration. In 1818 the '• Golo " was placed under his orders, and he was directed to study the political condition of Colombia and Santo Domingo, which mission he performed successfully. In 1821 he was made commander of the " Clorinde " and sent to South America to establish political and com- mercial relations with the Spanish colonies, which had just become independent. During the expe- dition he sailed for about eighteen months along the coasts of Chili and Peru, and executed some im- portant hydrographic works. In 1823 he was com- mander of the " Circe," and instructed to open negotiations with Haj-ti, with a view to its recog- nition by France, and to demand an indemnity of 150,000,000 francs in favor of the French colonists, whose property had been confiscated. He suc- ceeded in both objects, and was made rear-admiral after reaching France. In 1832 he was sent to the station of the Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico, and compelled the government of New Granada to give satisfaction for an outrage, and in 1835 for a re- newed outrage he bombarded the city of Cartha- gena and destroyed Port Boca-Chiea. In 1836 he was named governor of Martinique, but during his administration he was more occupied in set- tling differences between the United States and Prance than in attending to the wants of that colony. In 1840 he was appointed to the com- mand of a fleet of forty-two vessels, and sent to Buenos Ayres to exact reparation for outrages that had been committed by Rosas on French subjects. In the successful operations that ensued, which were more diplomatic than military, he displayed much ability. On the return of Mackau he was made vice-admiral, a peer of Prance, and in 1843 minister of the navy and colonies. He published a report on his cruise of 1816-'18 (Paris, 1818) and " Rapport au Roi sur la situation veritable des nouveaux etats de I'Amerique du Sud, et en par- ticulier sur Tile de Saint Domingo " (1821). MACK AT, Alexander, journalist, b. in Scot- land in 1808 ; d. at sea in 1849. He was a member of the London press, and in the interest of the " Morning Chronicle " visited the United States in 1846 to report the debates in congress on the Ore- gon question. He subsequently was sent as com- missioner to India by the merchants of Manchester to investigate the capabilities of that country for an increased cultivation of cotton, but died on the voyage home. He published " The Western World, or Travels through the United States in 1846-'7 "' (London, 1849), which the London " Spectator " described as the " most complete work published on the United States," and a posthumous work entitled '• Western India," which was edited by James Robertson (1853).

MACKAY, Charles, author, b. in Perth, Scot- land, in 1814. He was educated in London and Brussels, was on the staff of the London " Morning Chronicle " in 1834-'44, and from the latter date till 1847 was editor of the " Glasgow Argus," after which he returned to London, where he has since resided. He lectured in the United States in 1857 on " Songs, National, Historical, and Popular," in 1860 established the " London Review," and in 1862-'5 was in the United States as war correspond- ent of the London *' Times." The University of Glasgow gave him the title of LL. D. in 1847. Among his numerous works are '" Songs and Poems " (London, 1834) ; " Legends of the Isles, and other Poems" (1845); "Town Lyrics" (1848); " Under Green Leaves " (1857) ; " Life and Liberty in America " (1859) ; " Under the Blue Sky " (1871) ; and " Gaelic Etymology of the English Language " (1878). See Wilson's " The Poets and Poetry of Scotland " (New York, 1876).

McKAY, Donald, ship-builder, b. in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, 4 Sept., 1810 ; d. in Hamilton, Mass., 20 Sept., 1880 He learned ship-building in New York, began business in Newburyport, Mass., and in 1845 established a ship-yard in East Boston, where he constructed many fast clippers for the Diamond line, and subsequently for the California and Australian trade. In October, 1853, he launched the " Great Republic," of 4,500 tons. During the civil war he built the light - draught monitor " Nauset " and the double-end gun-boat " Ashuelot." His last work was the sloop-of-war " Adams " (1874). At this date he retired from ship-building and engaged in farming.