Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 2).djvu/765

Rh GRAY, John, soldier, b. in Fairfax Court House, Va., 6 Jan., 1704; d. in Hiramsburg, Ohio, 29 March, 1868. At the age of sixteen he entered the continental army, and served throughout the entire war. He removed to Ohio before it was a state, and remained there until his death. For a few years previous to that event congress had granted him $500 per annum. He was reputed to be the last survivor of the American Revolution. See his life by James M. Dalzell (New York, 1866).

GRAY, John Hamilton, Canadian statesman, b. in St. George's, Bermuda, in 1814. He was ad- mitted to the Canadian bar in 1837, entered parlia- ment in 1850, became a member of the executive council in 1851, and premier of New Brunswick in 1856. In 1857 he was umpire between Great Brit- ain and the United States under the treaty of Washington, and was royal commissioner on the tenant-right question in Prince Edward Island. He was arbitrator for the Dominion in 1807, was appointed puisne judge of the supreme court of British Columbia in 1872, and was a member of the Canadian Chinese immigration commission in 1884. He is the author of " Confederation," a his- tory (1871), and lectures and addresses.

GRAY, John Perdue, physician, b. in Half- moon, Centre co.. Pa., 6 Aug., 1825 ; d. in Utica, N. Y., 29 Nov., 1886. He was graduated at Dick- inson in 1846, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. In 1851 he was appointed third assistant physician to the New York state lunatic asylum in Utica, and in 1853 became acting superintendent. When the Michigan state asylum was projected in that year, he was elected its medical superintendent, and de- signed the plans for the new institute at Kalamazoo. In 1854 he resigned and be- came medical su- perintendent of the Utica asylum, where he spent the rest of his life. He did much to better the condition of the in- sane in this country, to improve modes of treatment, and to bring the poor insane within reach of the hospitals. Dr. Gray introduced in- to the asylums of this country the mi- croscopical study of the brain. He was appointed consulting manager of the state asylum for insane criminals at Auburn in 1858, and acted as commissioner and adviser in establishing other asylums in the state. He served as president of the iState medical society, and in 1870 of the psychological section of the Interna- tional medical congress in Philadelphia, where he read a paper on " Mental Hygiene." He was made professor of psychological medicine and jurispru- dence in Bellevue hospital medical college in 1874, and in the Albany medical college in 1876, and held these offices until 1882. His services as an expert on insanity were frequently employed in the courts, and he was regarded as good authority on all medical questions relating to life-insurance. His management of the New York state asylum gave that institution a wide reputation. His in- fluence was felt in the state legislation on the sub- ject of insanity, and his papers and reports were valuable contributions to science. In addition to his service in the asylum, he edited for many years the " American Journal of Insanity," of which he took charge in 1854. He took great interest in all public charities, and was active in the estab- lishment of orphan asylums, hospitals, and all so- cieties for the relief of the destitute. On 16 March, 1882, he was shot by Henry Remshaw. a lunatic, and never fully recovered from the effects of the wound. Dr. Gray was a member of numerous medical societies both here and abroad. Hamilton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1874. He deliv- ered many addresses, including " Homicide in In- sanity" (1857); "Thoughts on the Causation of Insanity" (1874); "Mental Hygiene" (1876): "Ab- stract of the Laws of New York relative to Insan- ity" (1878); "Heredity" (1884); and "Insanity and Some of its Preventable Causes " (1885). These lectures will shortly be published by his widow.

GRAY, Robert, discoverer, b. in "Tiverton, R. L, in 1755; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1800. He com- manded the sloop " Washington," which was fitted out with the ship " Columbia," by merchants of Boston, for the purpose of trading with the natives on the northwest coast. The vessels sailed on 30 Sept., 1787, and carried with them medals for dis- tribution among the Indians, bearing on one side a ship and a sloop under sail with the words "Co- lumbia and Washington, commanded by John Kendrick," and on the reverse, " fitted out at Boston, N. America, for the Pacific ocean by," encircling the names of the six proprietors. He returned in 1790 in the " Columbia " by way of Canton, China, and was the first man to carry the American flag around the globe. Later he made a second voyage, and on 11 Slay, 1791, discovered the mouth of a great river to which he gave the name " Columbia," after his own vessel. Subsequently he commanded trading vessels from Boston until his death.

GRAY, Solomon S., inventor, b. in Bowdoin- ham, Me., in 1820. He became a carpenter, and a maker of doors, sashes, and blinds, and perceiv- ing that these could be made more easily by the application of improved machinery devised Gray and Wood's planing machine. He disposed of his interest to his partner in 1801, and turned his at- tention to the manufacture of paper collars, for which he took out eight distinct patents. He was the inventor of the " molded collar."

GRAY, William, merchant, b. in Lynn, Mass., 27 June, 1750 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 4 Nov., 1825. He was of humble parentage and was apprenticed to merchants in Salem. He afterward began busi- ness for himself, and amassed a fortune, having at one time more than sixty square-rigged ships on the ocean. He was a Democrat, and sympathized with Jefferson during the embargo, notwithstanding the pecuniary injury to his business and its unpopu- larity in New England. He removed to Boston, became a state senator, and in 1810 was elected lieutenant-governor.— His wife, Elizabeth Chip- man, b. in Essex county, Mass., in May, 1756; d. in Boston, 24 Sept.. 1823, married Mr. Gray in 1782. Although the wife of the richest man in Massachusetts, and probably in New England, she managed her domestic affairs personally. A por- tion of her time was devoted to the poor, who were the constant recipients of her benefactions. — Their son, Francis Calley, lawver, b. in Salem, Mass., 19 Sept., 1790 ; d. in Boston, 29 Dec, 1850, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1809. He studied law with William Prescott, but did not practise his pro- fession. He was private secretary to John Quincy Adams while the latter was minister to Russia, and served frequently in the Massachusetts legislature.