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Rh in destitute circumstances. Fort Gratiot, on St. Clair river, Mich., and the villages of Gratiot, in Michigan and Wisconsin, were named in his honor.

GRATTAN, Thomas Colley, English author, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1796 ; d. in London, Eng- land, 4 July, 1804. He studied law in Dublin, but soon renounced this profession, and obtained a commission in the army. He then married and settled in France, but went to Belgium in 1828 and resided principally in Brussels, devoting himself to literature. Having taken an active part in sup- porting the pretensions of King Leopold to the throne of Belgium, he was, at that monarch's spe- cial request, appointed in 1839 British consul at Boston. He held this office until 1853, when he accepted an office in the queen's household. His works include a pamphlet on the " Boundary Ques- tion between Great Britain and the United States" (1842); "Civilized America," a splenetic attack on American society and institutions (2 vols., London, 1809) ; " The Woman of Color " ; and " England and the Disrupted States of America" (1861).

GRAU, Miguel (graouw), Peruvian naval offi- cer, b. in Piura in June, 1834 ; d. at sea, 8 Oct., 1879. He shipped on board a merchant vessel at the age of ten years, and, after spending a short time at the naval school of Callao, became, in 1852, a mid- shipman in the Peruvian navy. He joined in the revolt of 1856 against the government of Castilla, and, on its suppression in 1858, returned to the merchant service. He re-entered the navy in 1800, was given command of the "Lersundi," and in 1865, when the war with Spain began, had reached the rank of captain. He took a distinguished part in the combat of Abtao in October, and on 2 May, 1866, participated in the defence of Callao against the Spanish bombardment, in command of the monitor " Manco Capac." He afterward took com- mand of the turret-ship " Huascar." In 1875 he was a deputy to congress, and a supporter of the government of Manuel Pardo. He was appointed director of the naval academy, and when the war against Chili began, 5 April, 1879, held the rank of rear-admiral. He at once joined the fleet, and took command of his old ship, the " Huascar," and of the small Peruvian fleet. On 21 May he attacked two small Chilian vessels off Iquique with the " Huascar " and " Independeneia," and sank one of them, but the " Independeneia " was disabled by the other. As this loss left the Peruvian fleet still more inferior to the Chilian than before, Grau re- ceived orders to avoid an engagement with the Chilian iron-clads, and, owing to his superiority in speed, made a successful cruise along the coast, seriously harassing the enemy. At daybreak of 23 July, the " Huascar " and " Union " captured off Antofagasta the powerful Chilian transport-steamer " Rimac," with a cavalry regiment of 300 on board. His successful depredations on the coast caused the Chilian government to strain every nerve for the capture of the "Huascar." On 8 Oct., in thick, foggy weather, while the Peruvian vessels were cruising near Antofagasta, Grau was sur- prised and forced to a combat by the Chilian fleet. Ordering the " Union " to part company, and try by her superior speed to escape, he resolved to fight his way through the enemy. Half an hour after the beginning of the contest, a shell from the " Cochrane " burst inside the " Huascar's " tower, killing the admiral and his signal-officer. Shortly afterward the other division of the Chilian fleet came up, and, after an hour and a half of fighting, the flag of the " Huascar " was lowered, 04 men out of 193 being killed. After the war, the Peru- vian nation erected a monument to Grau in Lima.

GRATEL, Elphige, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in St. Antoine, Riviere Chambly, Quebec, 12 Oct., 1838. He was educated at St. Hyacinths and Montreal colleges, and has been a professor of rhetoric and philosophy. He became parish priest of Bedford in 1873, of St. Hyacinthe in 1880, and canon of that place in the same year. In 1885 he was consecrated first bishop of Nicolet.

GRAVES, Thomas, naval officer, b. in Ratcliffe, England, 6 June. 1005 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 31 July, 1653. From 1632 till 1035 he was master of several ships sailing between England and this country. On 7 Oct., 1639, he was admitted to the church in Charlestown with his wife Catherine Coyt- more. In 1643 he was master of "The Tryal," which was the first ship ever built in Boston. As a reward for his capture of a Dutch privateer in the English Channel, during Cromwell's protector- ate, he was appointed to command a ship-of-war and made a rear-admiral. He was presented with a silver cup by the owners of his ship.

GRATES, William Jordan, lawyer, b. in New- castle, Ky., in 1805 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 27 Sept., 1848. He received an academic education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was a mem- ber of the state house of representatives in 1834, and served in congress from 1835 till 1841, having been chosen as a Whig. During his term of office he fought a duel with rifles, on 24 Feb., 1838, at Bladensburg, Md., near Washington, with Jona- than Cilley, a representative from Maine, in which the latter was killed. He was re-elected to the legislature of Kentucky in 1843, representing Jeffer- son county. In 1848 he was a presidential elector.

GRAVES, Zwinglius Calvin, educator, b. in Chester, Vt., in 1816. After attending various academies he went to Ohio, and at the age of twenty- one opened a school in Ashtabula. He was soon elected principal of Kingsville academy, in the same state, where he remained until 1850. In this year he was called to take charge of the Mary Sharpe female college, Winchester, Tenn., which was founded with the aim of making its curriculum substantially that of Brown University. — His wife, Adelia Cleopatra, author, b. in Kingsville, Ash- tabula CO., Ohio, 17 March, 1821, is the daughter of Dr. D. M. Spencer, whose brother, P. R. Spencer, was the originator of the Spencerian system of penmanship. She was educated at the Jefferson and Kingsville academies, and after her graduation in 1841 became teacher of Latin and English com- position in the latter institution, where she re- mained until 1847. In 1841 she married Mr. Graves, and after his removal to Mary Sharpe col- lege served there as matron and professor of rhetoric until 1881, and since that date has been secretary and treasurer. For many years she has been an invalid. In 1856-9 she edited the " South- ern Child's Book." In 1809 she wrote children's stories for the Baptist Sunday-school union under the pen-name of " Aunt Alice." These include a " Life of Columbus," two volumes of " Poems for Children," and she also wrote " The New Testa- ment Catechism of Questions and Answers in Rhyme " under her own signature. Her other pub- lications are " Jephthah's Daughter," an illustrated drama for the use of schools (Memphis, 1867); " Seclusaval, or the Arts of Romanism " (Memphis, 1869) ; and " Woman in Sacred Song " (Boston, 1885).— Zwinglius Calvin's brother, James Robin- son, clergyman, b. in Chester, Vt., 10 April, 1820, became a teacher at the age of nineteen, first in Vermont and subsequently in Kentucky, whither he removed on account of impaired health. While teaching he pursued the studies of a college