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Rh Topeka, and Santa Fé railroad company, of the Atlantic and Pacific, and the western portion of the Southern Pacific railroad companies. These, with the projected links, gave him full control of an additional 3,000 miles of rail.

GOULD, John Stanton, philanthropist, b. in 1810; d. in Hudson, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1874. He was a member of the Society of Friends, had received a thorough education, especially in physical science, and was well known as an industrious student and a popular essayist and lecturer on scientific subjects. He had an admirably conducted farm in Columbia county, N. Y., and took an active part in agricultural improvement. He was for several years president of the State agricultural society, and did much to advance its interests. He was also an earnest temperance advocate, and though in earlier years a Whig, and a member of the assembly from that party in 1846, and subsequently acting generally with the Republicans, he held his temperance principles above party allegiance, and was recognized as a Prohibitionist. He was much interested in the subject of prison reform, and was for many years one of the directors and executive officers of the New York prison association.

GOULD, Nathaniel Duren, musician, b. in Chelmsford (now Bedford), Mass., 26 March, 1781; d. in Boston, Mass., 28 May, 1864. His name was originally Nathaniel Gould Duren, but was changed in 1806, in honor of an uncle, who adopted him in 1792 and left him his estate in 1808. His father, Reuben Duren, was distinguished as a builder, and received a premium for the model of a bridge over the Merrimac at Pawtncket Falls. His son exhibited talent for penmanship, and engrossed many public documents and engraved title-pages for books. At the age of eleven he removed to the home of his uncle in New Ipswich. N. H., where in 1804 he was instrumental in forming the first military band in that part of the state. Afterward he studied vocal music under Dr. Reuben Emerson, and at the age of sixteen taught in the public schools. In 1798 he established his first singing-school in Stoddard, N. H., and for twenty years conducted singing-schools in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. About 1807 the Middlesex musical society was formed, of which he was conductor for several years. This society published the &ldquo;Middlesex Collection.&rdquo; He removed to Boston in 1819, and taught vocal music and chirography there and afterward in New York for ten years. He then returned to Boston, and passed the rest of his life as a professional penman. He aided in compiling several hymn- and tune-books and anthems for church choirs, and composed several tunes, among which is &ldquo;Woodlawn.&rdquo; His principal work is a &ldquo;History of Church Music&rdquo; (Boston, 1853). Previous to this he had published in Boston &ldquo;Companion to the Psalmist&rdquo;; &ldquo;National Church Harmony&rdquo;; &ldquo;Sabbath-School Harmony&rdquo;; &ldquo;Social Harmony&rdquo;; &ldquo;Sacred Minstrel&rdquo;; &ldquo;Beauties of Writing&rdquo;; &ldquo;Writing-Master's Assistant&rdquo;; and &ldquo;Progressive Penmanship.&rdquo; &mdash; His son, Augustus Addison, naturalist, b. in New Ipswich, N. H., 23 April, 1805; d. in Boston, Mass., 15 Sept., 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1825, and at the medical department in 1830. He followed his profession in Boston with great success, and in 1856 was appointed visiting physician to the Massachusetts general hospital. Meanwhile he became a devoted student of natural history, and for two years taught botany and zoology in Harvard. He made a specialty of conchology, and stood pre-eminent in that branch of science, both at home and abroad. When Sir Charles Lyell visited the United States,

in order to pursue his geological investigations, he immediately sought the aid of Dr. Gould as a co-worker. In 1846 the shells collected by the Wilkes exploring expedition were submitted to him for examination, and again in 1860 those collected by Capt. Ringgold and Capt. Rogers were reported on by him. Dr. Gould was also a student of vital statistics, and contributed papers of great value to nearly every volume of the registrar-general of Massachusetts. He was a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences and of the American philosophical society, and one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. In 1855 he delivered the annual address, entitled &ldquo;Search out the Secrets of Nature,&rdquo; before the Massachusetts medical society, and was its president from 1864 till his death. He was also one of the founders of the Boston society of natural history. He was a large contributor to periodicals, and his publications in book-form include a translation of Lamarck's &ldquo;Genera of Shells&rdquo; (Boston, 1833); &ldquo;A System of Natural History&rdquo; (1833); &ldquo;Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts&rdquo; (Cambridge, 1841); &ldquo;Mollusca and Shells&rdquo; (Washington, 1846); &ldquo;Principles of Zoology,&rdquo; with Louis Agassiz (Boston, 1848); Dr. Amos Binney's &ldquo;The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adjacent Territories of North America,&rdquo; edited and completed (1851-'5); &ldquo;A History of New Ipswich, New Hampshire,&rdquo; with Frederic Kidder (1852); &ldquo;The Mollusca of the North Pacific Expedition&rdquo; (Washington, 1860); and &ldquo;Otia Conchologia,&rdquo; consisting of descriptions of new species of shells, with notes on changes in their nomenclature (Boston, 1862). &mdash; Another son, Charles Duren, publisher, b. in Ipswich, N. H., 2 Feb., 1807; d. in Boston, Mass., 17 Jan., 1875, became a member of the publishing firm of Gould, Kendall and Lincoln in 1835. The title of the firm was changed in 1850 to Gould and Lincoln, and Mr. Gould remained a partner in it until his death.

GOULD, Thomas R., sculptor, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1818; d. in Florence, Italy, 26 Nov., 1881. In his early life he was engaged with his brother in the dry-goods business, and was an active member of the Mercantile library association. He did not devote himself to art until in later life. His only master was Seth Cheney, in whose studio he modelled his first figure in 1851. He followed his profession in Boston until 1868, and among the works that he produced were two colossal heads, &ldquo;Christ&rdquo; and &ldquo;Satan,&rdquo; both of which were exhibited at the Boston athenaeum in 1863, but afterward removed to Mr. Gould's studio in Florence. James J. Jarves, in his &ldquo;Art Thoughts,&rdquo; mentions the &ldquo;Christ,&rdquo; in its character of an opposing conception to &ldquo;Satan,&rdquo; as &ldquo;one of the finest idealisms in modern sculpture.&rdquo; Previous to the civil war, Mr. Gould had acquired a moderate fortune, which he lost in the exigencies of the succeeding crisis. In 1868 he went to Italy, and settled with his family in Florence, where he devoted himself to study and work. One of his most celebrated statues is &ldquo;The West Wind,&rdquo; in marble, which has been several times reproduced, and was brought into special prominence in 1874, through a charge that it was a reproduction of Canova's &ldquo;Hebe,&rdquo; with the exception of the drapery, which was modelled by Signor Mazzoli. Animated newspaper correspondence followed this charge, and it was proved groundless. Mr. Gould declared that his designs were entirely his own, and that not a statue, bust, or medallion was allowed to leave his studio until finished in all points on which depended their character and expression. A copy of the &ldquo;West Wind&rdquo; was at the