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694 themselves. Among the trades, that of printing was proposed as adapted to this end, as the increasing number of books and newspapers in Italy would demand good printers. In the winter of 1871 it was suggested that a volume should be prepared by the authors living in Rome at that time, printed at the home, and sold for its benefit. Among the contributors were Matthew Arnold, Mary Cowden Clarke, William W. Story, William and Mary Howitt, Howard M. Ticknor, and George P. Marsh. The book was not completed until after her death, when it was printed at the home under the title of a &ldquo;Wreath to the Memory of Mrs. Emily Bliss Gould.&rdquo;

GOULD, James, jurist, b. in Branford, Conn., 5 Dec., 1770; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 11 May, 1838. Richard, his great-grandfather, came from Devonshire to Branford about 1700. James was graduated at Yale in 1791, and was a tutor there in 1793-'5. In the latter year he entered the law-school at Litchfield, Conn., and after his admission to the bar became in 1798 associated with its founder, Judge Reeve (see ../Reeve, Tapping), as professor in that institution. He was raised in 1816 to the office of judge of the supreme court of Connecticut, from which he was displaced in 1818 by the adoption of the new constitution. In 1820 Judge Gould took the superintendence of the school, and after the death of Judge Reeve, in 1823, continued to conduct it till 1833. He published &ldquo;Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions&rdquo; (New York, 1832; new ed. by Franklin F. Heard, Albany, 1887). &mdash; His son, Edward Sherman, author, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 11 May, 1808; d. in New York city, 21 Feb., 1885, was an early contributor of tales to the &ldquo;Knickerbocker Magazine,&rdquo; to the &ldquo;New World,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Mirror,&rdquo; the &ldquo;Literary World,&rdquo; and other journals. His signature of &ldquo;Cassio&rdquo; in Charles King's &ldquo;American&rdquo; was at one time well known. In 1830 he lectured before the New York mercantile library association on &ldquo;American Criticism in American Literature,&rdquo; in which he opposed the prevalent spirit of ultra-laudation as injurious to the interests of the country. He published translations of Dumas's &ldquo;Travels in Egypt and Arabia Petraea&rdquo; (1839); Dupré's &ldquo;Progress of Democracy&rdquo; (1841); Balzac's &ldquo;Eugénie Grandet&rdquo; (1841), and &ldquo;Père Goriot&rdquo; (1842); and Dumas's &ldquo;Impressions of Travel in Switzerland,&rdquo; Victor Hugo's &ldquo;Handsome Pecopin,&rdquo; and A. Royer's &ldquo;Charles de Bourbon&rdquo; (1842-'3). In addition to contributing to many literary and theological journals, he wrote &ldquo;The Sleep Rider; or, the Old Boy in the Omnibus, by the Man in the Claret-colored Coat,&rdquo; and a parody on a report made to the legislature regarding a riot which the police had failed to suppress (1842). He signed himself &ldquo;The Man in Claret,&rdquo; and the work made a sensation in literary circles. Besides the foregoing, he published &ldquo;Abridgment of Alison's History of Europe&rdquo; (New York, 1843); &ldquo;The Very Age,&rdquo; a comedy (1850); &ldquo;John Doe and Richard Roe; or, Episodes of Life in New York&rdquo; (1862); &ldquo;Good English, or Popular Errors in Language&rdquo; (1867); &ldquo;Classical Elocution&rdquo; (1867); and &ldquo;Supplement to Duyckinck's History of the New World&rdquo; (1871). &mdash; Another son, John W., author, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 5 Nov., 1814; d. at sea, 1 Oct., 1838, took a voyage to South America for his health as a common sailor in 1833, and in 1838 went again as supercargo, but died on his way. In the intervening years he wrote tales and sketches connected with the sea, most of which were published in the New York &ldquo;Mirror.&rdquo; A volume of these with a memoir, and his journal of the voyage on which

he died, was issued by his brothers for private circulation, under the title &ldquo;Journal of a Voyage from New York to Rio Janeiro&rdquo; (New York, 1839).

GOULD, Jay, financier, b. in Roxbury, Delaware co., N. Y., 27 May, 1836; d. in New York city, 2 Dec., 1892. His early years were spent on his father's farm, and at the age of fourteen he entered Hobart academy, New York, and kept the books of the village blacksmith. He acquired a taste for mathematics and surveying, and on leaving school found employment in making the surveys for a map of Ulster county. The accuracy of this work attracted the attention of the late John Delafield, who applied to the legislature for aid in the completion of a topographical survey of the entire state by Mr. Gould. Mr. Delafield died before any material progress was made, and Mr. Gould undertook to make the surveys unaided. During the summer of 1853 he completed a survey of Albany county, and surveyed and mapped the village of Cohoes, and in the following year made the survey and map of Delaware county, and organized and despatched parties to survey Lake and Geauga counties, Ohio, and Oakland county, Mich. From these surveys he accumulated $5,000. He published a &ldquo;History of Delaware County&rdquo; (1856), and while projecting other surveys was prostrated with typhoid fever. On his recovery he became acquainted with Zadock Pratt, who sent him into the western part of the state to select a site for a tannery. He chose a fine hemlock growth, erected a saw-mill and blacksmith-shop, and with Mr. Pratt was soon doing a large lumbering business. Subsequently he bought out Mr. Pratt's interest, and conducted the business alone till just before the panic of 1857, when he sold out his entire plant. In 1857 he became the largest stockholder and a director in the Stroudsburg, Pa., bank. Shortly after the crisis he bought the bonds of the Rutland and Washington railroad at ten cents on the dollar, abandoning every other interest and putting all his money into railroad securities. For a long time he was president, treasurer, and general superintendent of this company. He brought about a consolidation of the Rensselaer and Saratoga road, and with the proceeds removed to New York city in 1859, established himself as a broker, and invested heavily in Erie railway stock. He entered the directory of that company and became president, holding the office till the reorganization of the directory in 1872. He next made large purchases of the stocks of the Union Pacific, the Wabash, the Texas Pacific, the St. Louis and northern, the Missouri Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad companies, taking the latter out of the hands of its receiver. He also invested deeply in the stock of the Atlantic and Pacific telegraph company, and on its consolidation with the Western union he organized the American union (1879), which was merged into the Western union in 1881. In December, 1880, official records showed that Mr. Gould was in control of 10,000 miles of railroad, or more than one ninth of the entire mileage of the country. Early in 1881 he became interested in the elevated railroad system of New York city. A doubt having been cast upon his financial standing, he summoned several gentlemen to his private office on 13 March, 1882, and spread before them for examination certificates of stocks having a face value of $53,000,000, all in his own name, and offered to produce $20,000,000 more, if desired. In March, 1887, Mr. Gould purchased a controlling interest in the St. Louis and San Francisco railroad company, which has an aggregate mileage of nearly 900 miles, and is a joint owner with the Atchison,