Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 2).djvu/647

Rh za attacked the government violently, and openly favored the reactionary party under Miramon. When the liberal party triumphed, Garza, together with other bishops, was banished by decree of 17 Jan., 1860, and fixed his residence in Havana. In 1861 he was called to Rome by Pope Pius IX., but died on his way thither.

GASCA, Pedro de la, Spanish bishop, b. in Pla- sencia, Spain, in June, 1485 ; d. in Siguenza, 13 Nov., 1567. He studied at the University of Alcala, and after leaving college became noted for his knowl- edge of men and affairs and for an adroit, subtle in- tellect. In 1542 he was employed by Charles V. in negotiations with the pope and with Henry VIII., requiring great diplomatic skill. When Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of the conqueror, attempted to have himself crowned king of Peru, the emperor, who after a ruinous war was unable to send an army against the rebel leader, commissioned Gasca to restore peace, naming him president of the royal audience of Lima with unlimited powers to" punish and pardon. The latter embarked in May, 1546, without troops or money, and accom- panied only by two Dominican priests and a few servants. He landed at Panama, where Pizarro's fleet was stationed, and represented himself as a messenger of peace, charged solely with the task of re-establishing justice and granting a general anniesty. At the same time he insinuated that a fleet of 40 sail, having 15,000 men on board, was to leave the harbor of Seville in June, which would quickly restore peace in Peru, if he did not obtain that result by moderation and justice. Ilis adroit- ness and eloquence, combined with his age and the simplicity of his manners, gained him the affection of the officers, whom he detached from Pizarro, and he was soon master of the whole fleet. Gonzalo still refused to submit, and fled secretly to Cuzco, where he had left the flower of his troops, while Gasca, followed by nearly the whole fleet of Gon- zalo, landed at Tumbez in 1547. Here he is- sued a proclamation announcing the mission with which he was charged by the emperor, and invit- ing all good citizens to unite their efforts with his, in order to restore tranquillity. By another proc- lamation he granted a general amnesty to all de- serters, and promised rewards to those who would arm in defence of the royal cause. By these pru- dent arrangements he saw himself soon at the head of a respectable army, which he exercised himself, and with which he marched to Cuzco in December. Pizarro with a strong force encamped in the val- ley of Xaguidaguana, to bar his passage. But Gasca, instead of risking a battle, tampered with the principal officers of Pizarro, and won them over by promises and threats. The two armies met in the valley of Sacsahuana. 9 April, 1548, when most of the officers and soldiers of the rebel leader deserted his banner and made their submission to the president, who remained master of the field without having struck a blow. After punish- ing Pizarro and the foinentors of the revolt with death, Gasca proved himself as good an adminis- trator as he was an able politician. He removed the crowd of adventurers that filled Peru from the country, distributed rewards to the royalists, and pardoned the least guilty among the rebels. He regulated the administration of justice and the col- lection of the public revenues, while at the same time he issued several regulations forbidding op- pression of the Indians. He then surrendered all his powers to the roval audience, and returned to Spain in 1549. On his arrival he was made bishop of Plasencia by Charles V., and in 1561 promoted by Philip II. to the bishopric of Sigiienza.

GASPAR XIU, Antonio (gas-par'), Maya Indian author (his original name was Chi Xiu), b. in Yucatan about 1541 ; d. there in the beginning of the 17th century. He was son of the famous priest Kin-Chi, the grandson of Tutul Xiii, an Indian king, who was an ally of the Spaniards, and was educated by the missionaries accompanying an expedition against the hostile Cacomes, under the name of Antonio Gaspar. Young Gaspar Xiu soon learned to speak and write Spanish and Latin, and was very useful to the conquerors as interpreter. He was appointed public trans- lator by royal order, and did much to cultivate knowledge among his native people. In his old age he suffered from poverty and neglect, and by a royal decree of 6 Sept., 1599, was granted a pen- sion in consideration of the services he had ren- dered to the Spaniards. He wrote "Vocabulario de la lengua Maya," which has been lost, and proba- bly no copy exists now. It is cited by Pimentel in his " Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las len- guas indigenas de Mexico," and by many others. He also published a " Relacion Historica sobre las Costumbres de los Indios " (1582).

GASPE, Philip Aubert de, Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 30 Oct., 1786; d. there, 29 Jan., 1871. He was educated in the seminary of Quebec, studied law, and, after practising his profession for some years, became sheriff. But he neglected his duties, and his generosity to friends involved him in diffi- culties. Those for whom he had sacrificed himself abandoned him in adversity, and he was imprisoned four years for debt. On his release he retired to his domain of Saint-Jean Port-Joli. His " Anciens Canadiens" (1862) was, perhaps, the most popular book ever published in Canada. An English trans- lation, by Mrs. Pennie, was published in England. This and his " Memoires " (1866) deal with the tra- ditions and folk-lore of Canada.

GASPE, Philip Ignatius, soldier, b. in Canada, 5 April, 1714; d. there, 19 June, 1787. He entered the army in 1727, and in 1735 served under De Noyelle "m the campaign against the Foxes. He followed the Baron de Longueil in 1789 in his expedition against the Natchez and Chicachas on the banks of the Mississippi, and on his return stopped at Michilimackinac, where De Vercheres commanded. He remained there three years, mak- ing frequent raids on the English colony. He suggested to Col. Villiers the possibility of captur- ing Grand-Pre. In 1750 he built a fort on the river St. John, which he commanded for more than two years. He was present at the attack on Port Necessity, where Washington was defeated, commanded the Canadian militia at the defence of Fort Carillon, in which 3,058 Frenchmen were en- gaged with about 15,000 English and provincials, and contributed largely to the success of the French in this battle. After the capture of Quebec by the English in 1760 he commanded the grenadiers un- derLevis. He received the cross of St. Louis in March, 1761, and the rest of his life was passed on his estate of St. Jean Port-Joli.

GASTINE, Civique, West Indian reformer, b. in Fort de France, Martinique, in 1793 ; d. in Port au Prince, Hayti, 12 June, 1822. He was of a wealthy family, and from early childhood was impressed by his mulatto nurse with sympathy for the colored race. In 1803 he was sent to New Orleans to receive his education, and in 1809 came to Philadelphia to study law. A pamphlet, which he published there regarding the emancipation of the negroes, gave rise to some attacks on him, and when in 1813 he spoke at a public meeting in favor of equality between blacks and whites, he was in dan-