Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 2).djvu/614

582 induce him to join the cause of independence. In December, 177(3, he joined Gen. Howe, the British commander, and accompanied him in his advance through New Jersey, serving his cause by procur- ing intelligence and giving advice. On the taking of "Philadelphia he was appointed superintendent of the police of the city and suburbs, of the port, and of the prohibited articles, and thus became the head of the civil government during the British occupation. At the evacuation of the city he re- tired with the enemy, and in the following Octo- ber went to England, and never returned. In 1779 he was examined before the house of com- mons on the conduct of the war in America, and made accusations against the British commander, and printed three letters to a nobleman on the same subject, charging that the failure of the Brit- ish was because of Gen. Howe's incompetency. The Pennsylvania assembly in 1788 attainted Gal- loway of high treason, and oi'dered the sale of his estates, worth, according to his testimony before a parliamentary committee, £40,000. He also pub- lished, besides several pamphlets, " Plistorical and Political Reflections on the American Rebellion " (London, 1780), and " Brief Commentaries upon such Parts of the Revelation and other Prophecies as immediately refer to the Present Times, in which the Several Allegorical Types and Expressions of those Prophecies are translated into Three Literal Meanings " (1802). To the latter book Dean Whit- aker made a caustic reply, which called forth from Galloway an answer entitled : " The Prophetic or Anticipated History of the Church of Rome. . . Prefaced by an Address, Dedication, Expostulatory and Critical, to the Rev. Mr. Whitaker, Dean of Canterbury " (London, 1803).

GALLOWAY, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Gettysburg, Pa., 20 March, 1811; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 5 April, 1872. He was of Scotch-Irish parentage. After removing to Ohio in 1819, he was graduated at Miami in 1833, at the head of his class, and in the following year taught a classical school at Hamilton, Ohio. In 1835 he was elected professor of ancient languages in Miami, but resigned in consequence of ill health in 1836. He resumed teaching in 1838, first at Springfield, Ohio, and later as professor of ancient languages at South Hanover college, Indiana. In 1841 he returned to Ohio, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He practised in Chillicothe, Ohio, until 1844, when he was elected to be secretary of state and removed to Columbus. He held this office for eight years, and after declining a re-election resumed his profession. In 1854 he was elected to congress as a Republican and served one term. He was defeated by in 1856, and again in 1858. Mr. Galloway took an active part in the political conflicts arising out of the Kansas question. He rendered important legal services to the war department during the civil war. He was active in religious matters, and was for thirteen years a ruling elder of the Presbyterian church.

GALLUP, Joseph Adams, physician, b. in Stonington, Conn., 30 March. 1769 ; d. in Wood- stock, Vt., 12 Oct., 1849. He was graduated at Dartmouth medical school with its first class in 1798, and practised his profession in Hartland and Bethel, Vt., until 1800, when he removed to Wood- stock. Dartmouth gave him the degree of M. D. in 1814. From 1820 till 1823 he was president of the Castleton medical college, and its professor of theoretical and practical medicine. In 1827 he established a clinical school of medicine at Wood- stock, which was incorporated as the Vermont medical college in 1835, and in 1827-'34 was a professor there. His first writings w'ere printed in 1802 in the " Vermont Gazette," a paper published in Windsor, and attracted much attention. His other publications were " Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in the State of Vermont," to which are added " Remarks on Pulmonary Consumption " (1803, re-published in London) ; " Pathological Re- flections on the Supertonic State of Disease " (1822), and other pamphlets ; and " Outlines of the Insti- tutes of Medicine " (2 vols., Boston, 1839).

GALLY, Merritt (gaw'-ly), inventor, b. near Rochester, N. Y.. 15 Aug., 1838. His father, a Presbyterian clergyman, died in 1844, and in his eleventh year the boy became a printer. He ob- served the methods of engravers who came into the office to take proofs of cuts, and, with some old files and a grindstone, managed to construct a sot of tools, with which he soon did all the engraving of the office, and thus earned money to obtain the books and appliances needed for the study of me- chanics and engineering. At sixteen years of age he constructed a printing-press, and, in partnership with an older brother, established a newspaper, of which the boys were respectively editor and printer. This venture was fairly successful, but Merritt, de- siring a more complete education, left the business to his brother, and, with no other capital than his engraving tools, set out to work his way through college. With these, and by his talent for por- trait-painting, he earned sufficient money to enable him to take the full college course. He was gradu- ated at Rochester in 1863, became a student at Au- burn theological seminary, and in 1866 was or- dained by the presbytery of Lyons. For three years he served as a pastor, but, owing to loss of voice, was obliged to retire from the pulpit. He then returned to his forjner pursuits, and con- structed a press for artistic printing. This was known as the " Universal " printing-press, and its success was such that he established a manufactory for building the presses in 1869. In the progress of this enterprise he invented and constructed a large number of tools and mechanical appliances specially designed to render the presses perfectly interchangeable in every part. In 1876 he es- tablished himself in New York city, sending his presses to all parts of the world, and from this time forward he has devoted himself to inven- tion. Over four hundred patent claims have been granted him for improvements in printing machinery, electric and telegraphic instruments and devices, philosophical apparatus, and musical instruments. He has invented a multiplex tele- graph, and in 1873 patented a device for convert- ing the variable velocity of machinery into constant velocity. In 1876 his attention was directed to the growing demand for automatic musical instru- ments. His first important improvement consisted in a set of pneumatic appliances acted upon by a succession of small, graded perforations in a sheet of paper passing over a tubed " tracker-range." The perforations in the paper control the pressure of air in the pneumatic apparatus, enabling the in- strument not only to produce automatically the notes of the music, but to render every gradation of tone almost as perfectly as if produced by a skilful performer. His experiments resulted in the production of the '• Orchestrone," the success of which has warranted the establishment of exten- sive works for manufacturing the instruments.

GALT, John, Scottish novelist, b. in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, 2 May, 1779 ; d. in Greenock, Scotland, 11 April, 1839.' He was educated in Greenock, and, after spending some years in mercantile pursuits, began the study of law at Lin-