Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 2).djvu/600

568 Adams, and was a delegate to the first Colonial congress, whieh met in New York in October, 1765, and at which was adopted a " Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies." He was a member also of tiie first Continental congress, which met in Philadelphia in September, 1774. When the Revolutionary war broke out he took the field with the rank of colonel, and was actively engaged in tlie defence of Charleston in 1776. In Septem- ber of the same year he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was one of the framers of the state constitution in 1778. As lieutenant- governor of South Carolina, he signed the capitu- lation when Charleston was taken by Sir Henry Clinton in May, 1780. He was arrested somewhat later, by order of Lord Cornwallis, and carried to Fort Augustine, where, a parole having been ofi:ered and refused, he was detained for forty-two weeks. He was exchanged in 1781, and in the following year he was elected governor of South Carolina, but declined the office on account of age and in- firmity. He continued, however, to take a deep interest in public affairs, and gave his services both in the assembly and in the council. — His grandson, Christopher Edwards, P. E. bishop, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, 35 Nov., 1785 ; d. there, 24 June, 1852, obtained his early education in the " Associate Academy " in Charleston. In 1802 he entered the junior class in Yale college, and was graduated with honor in 1804. John C. Calhoun was a mem- ber of the same class, and the friendship formed with young Gadsden continued through life. He was ordained deacon by Bishop J^enjainin Moore, in St. Paul's chapel, New York city, 25 July, 1807, and pi'iest by Bishop Madison, in Williamsburg, Va., 14 April, 1810. In January, 1808, he took charge of the ancient parish of Berkeley, S. C, but in February, 1810, he was chosen to be assistant minister of St. Philip's church, Charleston. On the death of the rector, in 1814, Mr. Gadsden was elected to fill his place. He received the degree of D. D. from South Carolina college in 1815. After the death of Bishop Bowen in 1839, Dr. Gadsden was elected bishop, and was consecrated in Trinity church, Boston, Mass., 21 June, 1840. Bishop Gadsden's episcopate of twelve years was marked by great devotion, energy, prudence, and discretion, and he displayed noble qualities which endeared him to both clergy and laity. On his visitations he was particularly attentive to the colored people, often collecting them for purposes of devotion and instruction. He confirmed more than twenty of them on the first occasion when he administered the rites. He edited for several years the " Gospel Messenger," published several occasional sermons, a tract on " The Prayer-Book as it Is," and three valuable charges to the clergy, and an essay on the life of Bishop Dehon (1888). — His brother, John, lawyer, b. 4 March, 1787 ; d. 31 Jan., 1831, was graduated at Yale in 1804, and was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the South Caro- lina legislature, and also held the office of U. S. district attorney. — Another brother, James, states- man, b. in Charleston, S. C, 15 May, 1788 ; d. there, 25 Dec, 1858, was graduated at Yale in 1806. After engaging in commercial pursuits, he joined the army, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of engineers. He served with distinction during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and after the peace was Jackson's aide in the expedition to ex- amine the military defences of the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern frontier. In the following year, with Gen. Simon Bernard, he was appointed to review the examinations, and made a separate report, in which his conclusions differed from those of that officer. In 1818, as aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson, he took part in the campaign against the Seminole Indians, aiding in the capture of their leaders, Arbuthnot and Ainbrister, and personally intercepting a schooner bearing the correspondence that led to the execution of these men. Later he was constructor of works for the defence of the Gulf, and when engaged in the fortification of Mo- bile bay, in 1820, was made inspector-general of the southern division. He went with Jackson to Pensacola when the latter took possession of Flori- da, and was active in settling a dispute between him and the Spanish governor. On the reduction of the army in 1822, he was employed as adjutant- general, in aid of John C. Calhoun, who was reor- ganizing the war department, but his name was rejected by the senate for political reasons. After his retirement from the army he became a planter in Florida, and was a member of the legislative council of that territory. Under a commission from President Monroe, he removed the Seminoles from northern to southern Florida, and was the first white man that crossed the peninsula from the Atlantic to the Gulf. Later he returned to his native state, became president of the South Carolina railroad, and engaged in commerce and in rice-culture. In 1853 President Pierce made him minister to Mexico, and on 30 Dec. of that year he negotiated a treaty by which a new boundary be- tween the two countries was agreed upon, and which considerably modified the provisions of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. By the Gadsden treaty the United States became possessed of terri- tory now forming part of Arizona and New Mexi- co, for which $10,000,000 was to be paid. The treaty was confirmed by the senate, but with such modifications that Gen. Gadsden was obliged to renew his negotiations in Mexico. These were in- terrupted by a revolution, and Gadsden was super- seded before the conclusion of the treaty. He then retired to private life.

GAGE, Frances Dana, reformer, b. in Mariet- ta, Ohio, 12 Oct., 1808 ; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 10 Nov., 1884. Her father, Col. Joseph Barker, went from New Hampshire with the first company of pioneers that settled Ohio. Miss Barker married in 1829 James L. Gage, a lawyer of McConnells- ville, Ohio. She early became an active worker in the temperance, anti-slavery, and woman's- rights movements, and in 1851 presided over a woman's-rights convention in Akron, Ohio, where her opening speech attracted much attention. She removed in 1853 to St. Louis, where she was often threatened with violence on account of her anti-slavery views, and twice suffered from incen- diarism. In 1857-'8 she visited Cuba, St. Thomas, and Santo Domingo, and on her return wrote and lectured on her travels. She afterward edited an agricultural paper in Ohio; but when the civil war began she went south, ministered to the sol- diers, taught the frcedmen, and, without pay, acted as an agent of the Sanitary commission at Memphis, Vicksburg, and Natchez. In 1863-'4 she was superintendent, under Gen. Rufus Saxton, of Paris island, S. C, a refuge for over 500 freed- men. She was afterward crippled by the over- turning of a carriage in Galesburg, 111., but con- tinued to lecttire on temperance till August, 1867, • when she was disabled by a paralytic shock. Mrs. Gage was the mother of eight children, all of whom lived to maturity. Four of her sons served in the National army in the civil war. Mrs. Gage wrote many stories for children, and verses, under the pen-name of " Aunt Fanny." She was an early contributor to the " Saturday Review," and