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516 to the bench. He became minister of inland reve- nue in November, 1873, and retained this portfolio till July, 1874, when he was a]>|)oiiitcd minister of justice, which place he held until transferred to the post-office department in May, 1875. While he was minister of justice he introduced and carried through parliament the supreme court act and the insolvency act in 1875. He also held a seat in the Quebec assembly, and represented Montmagne in it from general election in 1871 initil November, 1873, when he resigned. In October, 1875, he was appointed puisne judge of the supreme court of Canada, an office that he now (1887) holds.

FOUVILLE, Jean Baptiste, French natural- ist, b. in llambye, Manche. 15 Feb., 1794; d. in Brazil in 1837. He inherited a fortune, and in 1820 set out on extensive travels, visiting Europe, Brazil, Paraguay, Chili, Persia, and India. On his return to Paris he^published "Voyages autour du monde " (1825) ; " A travers I'Amerique du Sud " (1825) ; and " Du Bresil a Santiago, avec cartes " (2 vols., 1826) ; and was elected a member of the Geographical society. He sailed in May, 1826, on board the •' Jules " for Buenos Ayres. The ship ar- rived on 29 Oct. at La Plata, then blockaded by the Brazilians, and in trying to run the blockade was captured. Fouville on his former visit had been the guest of the Brazilian admiral, and the rigors of war were now relaxed in his behalf. After a short stay at Montevideo as a prisoner he was lib- erated, and set out for Buenos Ayres, where he ar- rived 25 Dec, 1826. He was successful in several commercial operations, and left for Rio Janeiro, 12 Aug., 1827, immediately after his marriage with Miss Alice Laboissiere. After making a large col- lection of Brazilian plants, he sailed, 15 Oct., for France, where he presented it to the Paris museum of national history, and published " Explications de I'herbier des plantes Bresiliennes de J. B. Fou- ville " (Paris, 1829). The (xeographical society in- vited him to take charge of an expedition to the Congo, and he passed two years exploring the in- terior of Africa, his wife dying during his stay. On his return to Paris in May, 1831, he published the result of his explorations, " Voyages au Congo et dans I'Afrique equinoxial " (4 vols., 1831). Fouville sailed again for Brazil in March, 1833, penetrated into the interior, and spent four years exploring the lands watered by the Amazon. He was killed by negroes whose cupidity was aroused by his bag- gage, and his body thrown into the Amazon in June, 1837. Plis last manuscripts, after many vi- cissitudes, fell into the hands of the traveller S. Rany, who sent them to Ferdinand Denis, who published them : " Histoire des nations Indiennes de I'Amazone " (1862) ; " Flore du Bresil " (1862) ; " Voyages au Bresil " (1863) ; and " Moeurs et cou- tumes des Indiens de I'Amerique du Sud " (1863).

FOWLE, Daniel, printer, b. in Charlestown, Mass., about 1715 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., in June, 1787. He was an apprentice with Samuel Kneeland, and began business for himself in Bos- ton in 1740. From 1742 to 1750 he was a partner with Gamaliel Rogers, and in 1748-50 joint pub- lisher with him of the " Independent Advertiser." In 1743-'6 they published the " American Maga- zine." They were the first in America to print the New Testament. In 1755 he was arrested, by order of the Massachusetts house of representatives, on suspicion of having printed a pamphlet entitled " The Monster of Monsters," severely animadvert- ing on some members of the house. He was re- leased in a few days, but left Boston in disgust, went to Portsmouth, N. H., and on 7 Oct., 1756, began the publication of the " New Hampshire Gazette." — His nephew, Robert, editor, was a part- ner with his uncle in the publication of the " New Ilam])sliii'e Gazette," which was the only news- paper in New Hampshire at the beginning of the Revolution. As Daniel was a Whig and his nephew a loyalist, the partnership was terminated, and Robert established himself as a printer at Exeter. The paper currency of the period was printed in his office, and, as it was counterfeited soon after- ward, suspicion rested on him as a participant in the crime, and he fled to the British lines in New York, and thence to England.

FOWLE, William Bentley, educator, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 Oct., 1795; d.'in Medford, Mass., 6 Feb., 1865. He was apprenticed to a bookseller, and after the latter's death carried on the business till 1823, when he engaged in teaching, having for many years made a study of the theories and meth- ods of education and mental culture. In 1842 he began the publication of the " Common School Journal," which was edited by Horace Mann till 1848, and then by himself for the succeeding four years. He wrote and lectured in furtherance of the principles advocated by Horace Mann, and rendered important assistance to that reformer. When teachers' institutes were established, he de- livered many lectures at their meetings. Through his efforts the monitorial system of instruction was introduced into the public and private schools of Boston. He was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1843. About 1851 he opened a moni- torial school in Boston, which he conducted suc- cessfully till 1860, when he retired to Medford and devoted himself to literary labor. He published, besides his lectures, as many as forty-eight books of instruction. His first publication was an im- proved edition of Boyer's " French and English Dictionary " ; his latest, a series of outline maps. He was engaged at the time of his death in prepar- ing a " Book of Dialogues."

FOWLER, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Guilford, Conn., about 1765 ; d. in Chai'leston, S. C, in 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1783. Having stvul- ied for the Protestant Episcopal ministry, he was ordained deacon, 21 June, 1789, and priest, 11 June, 1790, by Bishop Provoost, of New York. While in college he performed the duties of a lay reader in New Haven and West Haven. After taking orders, he was rector of the imited churches at Peekskill and Highlands, and subsequently of the church at Bedford, N. Y. After residing on Long Island and in Philadelphia, he became rector of churches in Spotswood, Shrewsbury, and Middletown, N. J. For a brief period he was in charge of the church in Bloomingdale, N. Y.. but in February, 1807, he was elected rector of St. Bartholomew's parish, S. C. In 1812 he accepted missionary work in connec- tion with the Protestant Episcopal society for the advancement of Christianity in South Carolina, and was usefully occupied during his last years at diffei'ent points in the state, including Camden, Columbia, and Chatham.

FOWLER, Charles Henry, M. E. bishop, b. in Burford, Canada, 11 Aug., 1837. In 1841 he was taken with his father's family to Illinois, where he spent his early years on a farm. After studying at Rock River seminary in Mount Morris, he entered Genesee college, Lima, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1859. He soon afterward began the study of law at Chicago, but soon after this he was converted and at once changed his purpose, began a course of preparation for the ministry, and in 1861 was graduated at Garrett Biblical institute, Evanston, 111. The same year he was admitted on trial into the Rock River conference of the Methodist