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Rh 1864, 187G, 1880, and 1884. He lias received the degrees of D. D. from Wesleyan and from Har- vard, and of LL. D. from the Northwestern uni- versity. Dr. Cummings's literary work includes the editing of Butler's " Analogy of Religion " (New York, 1875) and numerous sermons and ad- dresses, a list of which is given in the " Alumni Record of Wesleyan University."

CUMMINGS, Moses, clergyman, b. in Haver- hill, Mass., about 181G; d. in New York city, 6 Jan., 187. He entered the ministry of the Chris- tian denomination at the age of eighteen, and labored for many years in New Jersey and New York. From 18o4 till 18G2 he had editorial con- trol of " The Christian Messenger " and " The Pal- ladium," the central organs of the sect of which he was a member. He was a determined opponent of slavery, and a friend and admirer of Horace Mann, whose peculiar educational views received his cordial support.

CUMMINGS, Thomas Seir, painter, b. in Eng- land in 1804 ; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 24 Sept., 1894. He came to New York in infancy, studying art in his spare hours, and afterward pursued his studies with Henry Inman. He worked at his profession, that of miniature portrait-painting, until the in- troduction of photography, numbering among his sitters many distinguished persons. He was one of the founders of the National academy in 1826, was an early vice-president, and its treasurer in 1840-'5. The schools of the academy owe most of their perfection to him, and he was the instructor of many who afterward became prominent artists. Mr. Cummings was for a long time connected with the militia, commanded a regiment for several years, and in 1838 was commissioned brigadier- general by Gov. Seward. About 1866 he retired to a farm in Connecticut. He published " Historic Annals of the National Academy from its Founda- tion to 1865 " (Philadelphia, 1865).

CUMMINS, Ebenezer Harlow, clergyman, b. in North Carolina about 17!)0; d. in Wasliington, D. C, 17 Jan., 1835. He received a collegiate edu- cation, and then studied law. For several years he served in the state legislature of Georgia, but sub- sequently entered the marine corps. Later he studied theology, and after settling in Baltimore became a magistrate. He published " Geography of Alabama " (Baltimore, 1819) and " History of the Late War " (1820).

CUMMINS, Francis, clergyman, b. near Ship- pensburg. Pa., in 1732 ; d. in (ireensborough, Ga., 22 Feb., 1832. His early life was spent on a farm, and he received a collegiate education at " Queen's Museum," in Mecklenburg county, N. C, whither his family had removed in 1772. After graduation, he was a teacher in South Carolina and Georgia, numbering among his pupils many who sulise quently became famous, including Senator William Smith and President Jackson. In 1775 he was an ardent patriot, was present at all of the Mecklen- burg whig meetings, and at the exciting scene during the reading of the celebrated Declaration in the Mecklenburg court-house. Meanwhile he studied theology under Rev. Dr. James Hall, and was ordained to preach by the presbyt,ery of Orange in December, 1780. Afterward he filled the office of pastor to twenty parishes in different localities in Georgia and the Carolinas. In 1778 he was a member of the South Carolina convention held to decide upon the constitution of the United States, and voted for its adoption. The University of Georgia conferred upon him the degree of D. D. in 1820. He published sermons and political and scientific pamphlets.

CUMMINS, George David, assistant P. E. bishop, b. in Kent county, Del., 11 Dec, 1822; d. in Lutherville, Md., 26 June, 1876. He was gradu- ated at Dickinson college, and entered the Metho- dist ministry, but subsequently took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, being ordained deacon in 1845 and priest in 1847, and becoming rector of churches in Virginia, Maryland, and Illinois. He was consecrated assistant bishop of Kentucky, 15 Nov., 1866, but soon became dissatisfied with the state of things in the Episcopal church, chiefly on account of the progress of ritualism, and in 1873 abandoned his office and took steps toward found- ing a new sect, designated by itself " The Reformed Episcopal church," becoming its first bishop. He was formally deposed from the Protestant Episco- pal ministry, under the canon provided for similar cases, by the presiding bishop, the Rt. Rev. Ben- jamin Bosworth Smith.

CUMMINS, Maria Susanna, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 9 April, 1.S27; d. in Dorchester, 1 Oct., 1866. She was the daughter of Judge David Cummins, and received her education at Mrs. Charles Sedgwick's school in Lenox. About 1850 she turned her attention to literature, and beside her novels contributed various articles to the " At- lantic Monthly " and other magazines. Her first book, " The Lamplighter " (Boston, 1854), achieved great popularity, and upward of 40,00 copies were sold within two months. It passed through several editions in this country and in England, and its entire sale has exceeded 119,000 copies. Her later publications include " Mabel Vaughan " (1857), which is considered by many critics superior to her first book ; " El Fureidis," a story of Pales- tine and Syria (1860) : and " Haunted Hearts " (1864). Miss Cummins was a writer of great power ; her characters were drawn with skill, and there was always a motive in her productions aside from their general interest.

CUNARD, Sir Samuel, founder of the Cunard steamship line, b. in Halifax, N. S., 15 Nov., 1787; d. in England, 28 April, 1865. He was the son of a mechanic, and became a successful merchant in several kinds of business. In 1838 he formed the Cunard company, and made a contract with the British government to carry the mails fortnightly for seven years between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston. The " Britannia," " Acadia," " Caledonia," and "Columbia" steamships, of 1,200 tons register and 440 horse-power, were built for this service, and formed the first line of mail steamers. Mr, Cunard was created a baronet, 9 March, 1857. — His son. Sir Edward, b. in Halifax, N. S., 1 Jan., 1816; d. in New York, 6 April, 1869, was educated in his native province, and was for thirty years agent of the Cunard line of steamers at New York. He succeeded to his father's title.

CUNEQUEO (coo-nay-cay'-o), Araucanian heroine, b. in the Mariguena district. Chili, in the latter part of the 16th century; d. about 1612. While very young she married Quepotan, an Araucanian officer, and began her career as a warrior by accompanying her husband, fighting by his side, against the Spaniards. She distinguished herself during the long defence of Liben. After Quepotan had been killed, she resolved to avenge his death ; and in 1590 was at the head of an army of Pulches, with which she attacked every Spanish settlement in Arauc'o, and put to death all Europeans taken prisoners by her troops. The governor of Chili, with a large force, went to meet her army, but Cunequeo, by remaining in well-chosen positions and ably directing attacks upon the Spaniards, forced him to retreat. Then she