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438  to the island of Providence and delivered to the buccaneer chief Morgan. This chief was moved by the venerable appearance of Fernandez, set him at liberty without ransom, and, hearing that he had been appointed bishop of Panama, made him a present of a costly chalice and pontifical robe which had fallen to his share in the sack of Panama in 1670, and conducted him with the greatest respect in one of his ships to Chagres. Scarcely had Fernandez arrived in Panama when he began preaching to the wild tribes of the Isthmus of Darien, spending his whole income in this task. His sermons were heard not only in the pulpit, but also weekly in the streets and public squares of Panama, until he died, poor but venerated by all.

FERNÁNDEZ LIZARDI, José Joaquoin, Mexican author, b. in the city of Mexico in 1771; d. there in June, 1827. He was graduated in 1787 at the University of Mexico as bachelor, and in 1789 as licentiate. In 1812 he was deputy magistrate of Tasco, Guerrero, and as such delivered to the revolutionary chief Morelos all the arras and ammunition in that place on 1 Jan. In the same year he moved to the city of Mexico, and began to publish the newspaper "El Pensador Mexicano" (The Mexican Thinker), under which name Fernandez is now generally known. In this paper he advocated free schools and compulsory education, and one of his articles, in which he censured the decree of the viceroy Venegas depriving the revolutionary priests of the right to be judged in clerical courts, caused his imprisonment for seven months. As soon as he regained his liberty in 1813 he published several articles on the plague, at that time ravaging Mexico, and in the following three years published many reviews, the best of which is called "Alacena de Frioleras" ("The Locker for Trifles"). He also published at this time his most famous work, "Periquillo Sarniento" (1816; new ed., illustrated, 2 vols., Mexico. 1884), a collection of fables (1817), and "La Quijotita and Ratos Entretenidos" (1819). After the Spanish constitution was re-established in Mexico, Fernandez published several pamphlets, one of which, a dialogue between Chamorro and Dominiquin, caused his imprisonment for the second time. In the next year he published a paper called "El Conductor Eléctrico," and a series of articles, "Conversaciones del Payo y el Sacristán." His defence of the freemasons (1822) caused his excommunication, but, undaunted by the prosecution of the clergy and reactionary party, he published a second defence, his "Cartas del Pensador al Papista," and "Defensa del Pensador dirigida al Provisor," and "Ataque al Castillo de Ulúa," and a political-moral paper called "El hermano del Penco" (1823). He had to suffer many prosecutions, and often to struggle with poverty, but the lower classes adored him and shared their bread with him. He also published two novels, "Noches Tristes y Dia Alegre" (1823), and "Vida y Hechos del Famoso Caballero Don Catrin de la Fachenda " (Mexico, 1832).

FERNANDEZ MADRID, José, South American poet, b. in Cartagena, Colombia, 9 Feb., 1789; d. in Barnes-Terrace, near London, England, 28 June, 1829. In 1810 the University of Bogota conferred on him the degrees of doctor of laws and doctor of medicine. He was active among those who took part in the war for independence, was elected deputy to the convention of Cartagena in 1811, and then representative to the congress of New Granada. He distinguished himself in the assembly, and became its president. When the government of the united provinces of New Granada was established in 1814, Madrid became representative for Cartagena, and filled the office until 1816. He succeeded Camilo Tones in the presidency of the republic, 14 March, 1816, under critical circumstances. The country was overrun with Spanish troops, and he was obliged to retreat before them to Popayán. He refused to surrender to the Spanish colonel, Latorre, and continued fighting valiantly against superior numbers, until he was finally obliged to resign the presidency to the congressional commission which accompanied him. The patriots were then defeated by Samano, their forces annihilated, and Madrid sought safety in flight, but was soon taken prisoner and trans- ported to Havana in 1816, He lived there several years, supporting himself by practising medicine, but in 1825 he returned to Colombia. He became the confidential agent of the Colombian government in Paris, and at the time of his death in June, 1830, was minister to England. He published a collection of poems under the title "Las Rosas" (Havana, 1822); two tragedies, "Atala" (1822), and "Guatimozin" (Paris, 1827); and articles on "Cultivation," "Commerce," "The Cultivation and Manufacture of Tobacco in Cuba," and "Goitres"; medical notes on "The Yellow Fever," which have been translated into French; a metrical translation of Delille's "Les trois règnes de la nature," and numerous other works. — His son, Pedro, author, b. in Plavana, Cuba, in 1817; d. in Serrezuela, Colombia, 7 Feb., 1875, received his early education in Havana and Colombia, completing it in the University of Oxford, England. After his return to Colombia in 1842 he was president of the state of Boyaca, member of the Federal congress, and for many years sub-secretary of foreign relations, but declined repeatedly to accept a portfolio himself, as he preferred to lead a studious life, teaching in different colleges and at the University of Bogotá, where he occupied the chair of philosophy and foreign languages. He was of very delicate constitution, and several years before his death failing health forced him to retire to the small village of Serrezuela, in the mountains, about twenty miles from Bogotá, where he died. He contributed several articles to periodicals in Bogotá, on international law, and the territorial rights of Colombia in the question of boundaries with the neighboring republics, of which he had made a profound study, and he also published works on "Nuestras Costas Incultas" and "La Costa de Mosquito."

FERNÁNDEZ-PEÑA Y ANGULO, Juan A. Ignacio, Venezuelan archbishop, b. in Merida in March, 1781; d. in Caracas, 18 Jan., 1849. He studied in the university of his native city, and was graduated as doctor in divinity in 1805 in Bogotá. He was then appointed to several parishes in the provinces of Barinas and Mérida, but, without neglecting his parochial duties, took an active part in the movement for the independence of South America, and in 1811 was sent by the province of Barinas as deputy to the first congress of Venezuela. During the whole struggle for independence he gave his services to his country as a member of the different legislatures of the united republics of Colombia, and, after the erection of Venezuela as an independent republic in 1830, was a deputy to the constituent congress for one legislative period. He served as professor of theology and ecclesiastical law, and afterward as rector of the University of Mérida, and was prebendary, dean, and vicar-general of the cathedral of that city. His merits were acknowledged by congress by his nomination on 24 Jan., 1840, as archbishop to the vacant see of Caracas, and he was