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434 ney-general. After some time he retired to the convent of Salamanca as director of novices, and was appointed bishop of Chiapas, taking possession of his diocese in 1575. He was called to the third Mexican provincial council in 1585, but on his voyage he broke a leg in Oajaca, and had to re- main there for nearly a year to be cured. lie wrote from there to the council " Tratado canonico renei- tido desde Oajaca al concilio provincial de Mexico " and " De la preferencia de los regulares para los curatos de los Indios," which are printed and pre- served in the library of the college of San Gregorio in Mexico, with his " Vocabulario de la lengua Zapoteca," which is still considered as a text-book.

FERLAND, John Antony Baptist, clergyman, b. in Montreal, Canada, 25 Dec, 1805 ; d. in Quebec in 1805. In 1813 his family left Montreal and settled in Kingston. Here he resided three years, and learned to speak English. In 1816 he entered the seminary of Nicolet, where he remained fourteen years. He was ordained priest, 14 Sept., 1828, and named vicar of Quebec the same day. After holding various pastorates, he was appointed professor in the seminary of Nicolet in 1841, and in 1848 was elected superior. In the preceding year he displayed great courage daring the typhus epidemic which had broken out among the Irish emigrants at Grosse-Ile. In 1850 he was trans- ferred from the seminary to the archiepiscopal resi- dence, and was named a member of the archbishop's privy council. He became chaplain of the mili- tary hospitals of Quebec in 1855, and was appointed professor in the faculty of arts in the Laval uni- versity the same year. He was elected dean of the faculty of arts, 18 March, 1864. Between the years 1858 and 1862 he gave a course of successful pub- lic lectures on the period that began with the ex- pulsion of the Acadians and ended with the death of Montcalm. In the midst of his labors he found time to write several books, all relating to Canada, his object being, as he says himself, to make Canada known and loved by his fellow-countrymen. It is on his " Cours d'histoire du Canada" (vol. i., Quebec, 1861 ; vol. ii., by M. Laverdiere, 1865) thati his reputation as an historian chiefly rests. He brought to light a nuiltitude of facts that were previously unknown or misrepresented, rectified a large number of dates, and harmonized and ex- plained the confused accounts of the early settle- ments. He was the author of " Observations sur une histoire du Canada par I'Abbe Brasseur " ; "Voyage au Labrador"; "Journal d'un voyage a la cote de Gaspe " ; and " La vie de Mgr. Plessis," all of which were published in Quebec.

FERNALD, Charles Henry, naturalist, b. on Mount Desert, Me., 16 March, 1888. He was edu- cated principally at the Maine Wesleyan seminary, and during the civil war served in the U. S. navy as acting ensign. In 1865 he became principal of Litchfield academy, and in 1866 principal of Houl- ton academy. He then was called to the chair of natural history in the Maine state college, and held it from 1871 till 1886, when he became professor of zoology in the Massachusetts agricultural col- lege. Prof. Fernald is a member of various scien- tific societies, and received the degree of Ph. D. in 1886 from the Maine state college. He has a large collection of tortricida?, and has very thoroughly studied these moths. His principal publications are " Catalogue of the Tortricid* of North Ameri- ca " (Philadelphia, 1882) ; " Butterflies of Maine " (Augusta, 1884) : " Grasses of Maine " (1885) ; and " Sphingida; of New England " (1886).

FERNALD, Merritt Caldwell, educator, b. in South Levant, Me., 26 May, 1838. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1861, and subsequently taught in Levant, Searsport, and Bethel, Me. Later he spent some time in the chemical laboratory at Harvard in the study of analytical chennstry and mineralogy, and also acted as assistant to Prof. Josiah P. Cooke. In 1868 he became professor of mathematics and physics in the Maine state col- lege of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and in 1879 became president of that institution, now known as the Maine state college. He was elected a member of the state board of agriculture in 1869, and has published in its reports papers on subjects connected with his special studies, besides meteoro- logical and mathematical tables, and records of barometrical, geodesic, and astronomical works. President Fernald has been supervisor of schools, and received the degree of doctor of pliilosophy from Bowdoin in 1881.

FERNANDES CALABAR, Domingos. Brazil- ian soldier, b. in Olinda near the close of the 16th century ; d. in Porto Calvo, 22 June, 1685. He was of African descent, and little is known of liis early life. He was living in Pernambuco when the Dutch attacked the city in 1680, and, notwith- standing his humble condition, gathered some men, joined the volunteers, and gained a series of victories which forced the invaders back. In 1632 he distinguished himself at the -battle of Campo Real, and afterwai'd. with his troops, repulsed the Dutch at several places. Pie was rewarded for his devotion by the contempt of his countrymen, who were envious of his prowess. Wounded by this conduct, he left the Portuguese and joined the Dutch, whom he led to the capture and plunder of the town of Yguarassu. He captured the for- tress of Rio Formoso in Jan., 1633, won an impor- tant battle at Itamaraca in June, and in December led the conquerors to the fortress of Reis Magos. In March, 1634, he routed the Portuguese army, which had defeated the Dutch in January of that year, and captured the port of Santo Augustinho. The Portuguese being threatened on all sides, the commander, Alburquerque, in order to spare the rest of the troops, began to retreat toward La- gunas in June, 1635, but before reaching Porto (Jalvo he found out that that town had been occu- pied by Fernandes, thus strengthening the Dutch garrison commanded by Picard. Sebastiao do Souto, a feigned friend of Picard, treacherously allured him and 200 of his men to a place where the Portuguese had prepared an ambush, com- pletely routing them. The garrison of Porto Calvo then had to capitulate, and Fernandes Calabar, who was major of the Dutch army, was taken pris- oner and hanged by the Portuguese at Porto Calvo.

FERNANDES PINHEIRO, Jose Feliciano (fei'-nan'-dez). Viscount of Sao Leopoldo, Brazilian statesman, b. in Santos. 9 Ma)'-, 1774; d. in Porto Alegre, 6 June, 1847. He began his studies in his native country, and completed them at Coimbra, Portugal, where, in 1798, he was graduated as bachelor in canonical laws, but abandoned his ecclesiastical functions and entered the magistracy. He assisted Velloso in establishing the literary institution " Arco do Cogo," wrote most of the scientific work " Fora Fluminense," and compiled the " Historia Nova e Completa da America." In 1800 he returned to Brazil, and was appointed judge of excise duties of Rio Grande do Sul. In 1802 he was given charge of the organization of a flotilla for coast defence. He was made colonel in 1810, and in 1812 accompanied the army to Montevideo. In 1816 he was chosen a member of a jury for the trial of numerous criminals in Rio Grande do Sul. In 1821 he was elected a member of the Portuguese