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250 unteer and consulting surgeon of militaiy hospi- tals. From 1851 till 1858 he was editor of the "Southern Medical and Surgical Journal." His most important contributions to the literature of -his profession are those on " Rheumatism," " Oph- thalmia," "Colica Pictonum," "Convulsions," " Sur- gical Operations during Mesmeric Insensibility," " Use of Quinine in Fevers," ".Diagnosis of Shoul- der Dislocations," " Fractures of the Scapula," " Transactions of the Medical Association of Georgia " (1874-*6), and " Pathological Peculiar- ities of Negroes."

DUGDALE, Richard L., political economist, b. in Paris, France, in 1841 ; d. in New York city, 23 July, 1883, His father was engaged in business in France, but, owing to pecuniary losses, returned to England in 1848. Here the son developed artistic talent, which led to his being placed in the gov- ernment drawing-school at Somerset House. In 1851 his family came to New York. At the age of fourteen he was employed by a sculptor to do some artistic work, which lie accomplished with much <;redit. For a time he resided in Indiana, but re- turned to New York, where he entered into mer- cantile business and attended the night-schools at Cooper Union, distinguishing himself in the debat- ing clubs. He was secretary of the section on sociology of the New York association for the' ad- vancement of science and the arts, of the New York social science society, of the New York sociology club, and of the Civil service reform association ; treasurer of the New Yoi'k liberal club, and vice- president of the Society for the prevention of cru- elty to animals. He became a member of the New York prison association in 1868, to whose work he gave his first attention. His aim was to improve prison discipline and the treatment of convicts, and to obtain practical aid for them after their re- lease. He visited many prisons, learned the his- tories of criminals, and published " The Jukes, Hereditary Crime" (New York, 1877), which at- tracted much attention both in this country and in Europe. In " Further Studies of Criminals " he briefly draws the lessons learned from his investi- gations. He also published essays on sociological subjects in various periodicals.

DUGGAN, James, R. C. bishop, b. in the county Dublin, Ireland, in 1825. He came to the United States when very young, studied for the ministry in St. Louis, was ordained in 1847, and was imme- diately afterward appointed rector of the ecclesias- tical seminary of the diocese. In 1850 he was made assistant pastor of the Cathedral of St. Louis, and in 1854 created vicar-general of the diocese and pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Concep- tion. He was consecrated coadjutor archbishop in 1857, with the title of Bishop of Antigone, and was afterward nominated bishop of Chicago, but failing health soon compelled him to travel abroad. His .administration had given great dissatisfaction, and several priests complained of it to the court of Rome, on learning which he hastened home and removed those who had accused him. But it soon became evident that his mind was giving way, and in 1869 his symptoms developed into insanity and he was removed to an asylum in Missouri. He lias never recovered.

DUGGAN, Peter Paul, artist, b. in Ireland .about 1810 ; d. in Paris, 15 Oct., 1861. He came to the United States at an early age, and qualified himself for an art professorship, which he obtained in the New York free academy soon after its opening. He devoted himself principally to crayon-drawing, and occasionally painted in oils. His crayon portraits were delicate and truthful. One of his best was his picture of the poet Bryant. He was compelled to resign his office and to abandon all work on account of his delicate health, and went to England, residing in London until he removed to Paris in 1861.

DUGOMMIER, Jean Francois Coquille, sol- dier, b. in Gruadaloupe, West Indies, in 1736; d. at San Sebastian, Spain, in 1794. He entered the army when scarcely sixteen years old, served on the continent, and rose to the rank of major ; but, hav- ing been placed on half-pay, he retired to Martin- ique, where he had inherited a large estate, on which he lived for nearly twenty-five' years. He supported the doctrines of the French revolu- tion, and was elected commander of the national guard of the island, which office he held for thi'ee years ; but being placed between the white colo- nists, who were almost unanimously opposed to the new ideas, and the excited negroes, who were impa- tient to revenge their sufferings upon their former masters, he was forced to resign, and sailed in 1792 for France as deputy to the National convention for Martinicjue. But he soon resigned his seat and re- entered the army, was commissioned general of bri- gade, and soon rose to the rank of division-general in the army of Italy. In 1793 he directed the siege of Toulon, where he was conspicuous for his ability and courage, as also for his humanity after the sur- render. During the siege a young artillery officer. Bonaparte, laid before the general a plan to expel the British fleet from the bay, which would lead to the capture of the city, and Dugommier, recogniz- ing the genius of the young oilicer, approved the plan with the warmest praise. Dugommier com- manded afterward the French army of the eastern Pyrenees, repeatedly defeated the Spanish armies, and recaptured fi'ora them Fort St. Elmo, Collio- ure, Port-Vendres, and Bellegarde. He finally crossed the Pyrenees, and during the siege of San Selmstian ^was killed by tlie bursting of a shell.

DUGUE, Charles Oscar, poet, b. in New Or- leans, La., 1 May, 1821. His parents were Ameri- cans of French descent. He was educated in Auvergne, and at the college of St. Louis, in Paris, and while a student wrote verses that Cha- teaubriand commended for their "noble and natu- ral exjjression, without affectation or extravagance." In 1852 he became editor of a daily ])aper in New Orleans. " L'Orleanais," and afterward was a mem- ber of the bar. He has published " Essais poet- iques " (1847), consisting of descriptions of south- ern scenery, and occasional poems : two dramatic works on subjects drawn from the romantic legends of Louisiana, " Mila ou La Mort de La Salle " and "Le Cygne, ou Mingo"; an Indian plot, in which Tecumseh is one of the characters (1852); and " Philosophic ]norale," which was published in French and English.

DUHAMEL, Joseph, Canadian lawyer, b. in Montreal, 20 Jan., 1836. Pie was educated at the colleges of St. Therese and St. Hyacinthe, and at the Jesuit college in Montreal, where he completed his classical education. He then studied law in Montreal, and was called to the bar in April, 1857. He first formed a partnership with the late Cyrille Archambault, then with Gustave Drolet, and, after his retirement, he became head of the legal firms of Duhamel, Rainville, Rinfret & Rainville (now Duhamel, Rainville & Marceau). IMr. Duhamel is a liberal in polities, and was unanimously elected president of the Reform association of the province of Quebec in April, 1882. His high reputation, fluency of speech, knowledge of law, and devotion to his profession, have secured for him one of the largest practices of the Montreal bar.