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154 Royal Deux-Pont regiment, with which he served in Gennany until the peace of 1703. After attain- ing the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he served in this country during the Revolutionary war, distin- guishing himself at Yorktown, where his regiment, having captured two howitzers, obtained by the exploit the title of " Royal." In September, 1792, he was made lieutenant-general and given com- mand of the advance guard of the army of the centre, which repelled the Prussians at the camp of La Lune. He was suspended as a nobleman in 1793, but was afterward restored and employed in the army of Italy, of the Pyrenees, and of the Rhine. He was deprived of his command. 26 Oct., 1795, and then retired to his estates in Ornex.

DESSALINES, Jean Jacques, Haytian emperor, b. in Guinea, Africa, in 1758; d.-iu Ilayti. 17 Oct., 1806. He was brought, when young, to Cap Frangais (now Cap Haytien), where he was purchased by a French planter, whose name he subsequently assumed. In 1791 he left his master and joined the insurgent army under Biassou. In the servile war that followed he distinguished himself, ^nd became adjutant-general of Jean Francois, the negro commander. Later he sided with Toussaint L'Ouverture when the latter left his Spanish allies and joined the French. In the campaign that fol- lowed, having attained the rank of lieutenant-gen- eral, he led the forces against the mulatto chief Rigaud. His success, with the promptness and energy evinced in this movement, recommended him to Toussaint, who afterward invariably sent him where the utmost severity was considered necessary. His name spread terror wherever he went, and thousands of mulattoes were slaughtered, drowned, or shot by his orders. At the same time he led a most dissolute life, and enriched himself by extensive robberies perpetrated in the guise of legal confiscations. In 1802 he conducted a gue- rilla war against Gen. Leclere, who had been sent to Hayti by Napoleon. His obstinate defence of St. Marc against Gen. Boudet was characteristic. When unable to hold the town any longer, he burned it, setting fire to his own palace, and butchered all the white inhabitants of the place, and also those he met with on his retreat. Later he submitted to Gen. Leclere, after the affair at Crete-a-Pierrot. Peace having been established, he was made governor of the southern portion of the island, with the rank of general. Here he plunged into the deepest debauchery, but affected much zeal for the French. He treated the van- quished negroes with the same cruelty that he had shown to the whites, and when Toussaint's nephew rose against the French, Dessalines cruelly mur- <lered him in cold blood, with 300 of his followers. His loyalty to the French, however, was of short duration, for afterward, when yellow fever attacked the French army, numbering among its victims Gen. Leclere. Dessalines became commander-in- chief of the negro forces. Gen. Rochambeau suc- ceeded to the command of the French, and at once adopted retaliatory measures against their insur- gents. He tortured to death the negro general, Maurepas, with his entire family. A terrible reti'i- bution was determined upon. Dessalines erected 500 gibbets, and hanged half a regiment of French that he had captured by a bold countermarch. A war of extermination followed, and in December, 1803, aided by an English squadron, the French were compelled to evacuate the island. On 1 Jan., 1804, he was appointed governor-general of Hayti for life. For a few months he ruled in a spirit of moderation, and put into force several wise and just measures toward a healthy reorganization of the commonwealth ; but his brutal nature prevailed over his judgment, and shortly afterward he ordered a general massacre of the white residents, who had remained iinder a promise of protection. In April, 180-1, he niiide an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Spanish portion of the island, and after his return became more frantic than ever. He had himself crowned as emperor of Hayti on 8 Oct., 1804, in imitation of Napoleon, under title of " Jean Jacques I.," and proclaimed a new constitution, which concentrated all real power in his own hands. Subsequently his extravagance deranged the finan- ces, his dissoluteness corrupted the morals of all classes, his cruelty increased, and he put to death every one against whom he was suspicious. His despotism soon caused an insurrection, and in 1806, while endeavoring to repress it, he fell into an am- buscade, and was assassinated by two of his officers, Christophe and Petion, of whom the former became president of Hayti. In a slender and hideous frame Dessalines united the wildest passions of the ferocious savage with extraordinary shrewdness, an undeniable keenness of judgment, and a clear statesmanlike knowledge of the men and things with whom he had to deal. However abominable his character may appear, it is nevertheless true that he understood the means of accomplishing the independence of Hayti better than even Toussaint himself. He left Ilayti a ruined and desolate, though independent, state. See " Vie de J. J. Des- salines," bv Louis Dubroca.

DESTREHAN, Jean Noel, senator, b. about 1780. He was a citizen of Louisiana, and in 1805 one of the authors of a pamphlet attacking the ter- ritorial government. He was a member of the state convention of 1811, and voted with the minority against the application of Louisiana for admission into the Union. Notwithstanding this, he was appointed one of a committee of seven to draft a constitution for the new state. In 1812 he was elected to the U. S. senate, but resigned the office before taking his seat. .

DETMOLD, William Ludwig, surgeon, b. in Hanover, Germany, 27 Dec., 1808; d. in New York city, 26 Dec., 1894. His father was a physician. William received his medical degree from the University of Göttingen in 1830, and enlisted as surgeon in the royal Hanoverian grenadier-guard. He came to the United States on leave of absence in 1837, and sent his resignation from New York, he became professor of military surgery and hygiene at Columbia in 1862, and was made professor emeritus in 1866. Dr. Detmold introduced orthopedic surgery into the United States, and during the civil war acted as volunteer surgeon in Virginia. He introduced a knife and fork for one-handed men, which was put by Surgeon-General Barnes on the supply list, under the name of &ldquo;Detmold's knife.&rdquo; Among his numerous contributions to medical literature is &ldquo;Opening an Abscess in the Brain,&rdquo; in the &ldquo;Journal of the Medical Sciences&rdquo; for February, 1850. &mdash; His brother, Christian Edward, engineer, b. in Hanover, 2 Feb., 1810; d. in New York city, 2 July, 1887, was educated at the military academy in his native city, and came to New York in 1826, with the intention of entering the Brazilian army. But unfavorable accounts of the condition of that country induced him to remain here, and he became well known as an engineer. In 1827 he made many surveys in Charleston, S. C., and vicinity, and in 1828 made the drawings for the first locomotive built by the Messrs. Kemble in New York. In 1833-'4 he was in the employ of the U. S. war department, and superintended the laying of the foundations of Fort Sumter during the illness of the