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744 Pitt and Shelburne. On the American question his sympathies were strongly with the colonists, and in the famous debate on the repeal of the stamp-act he was signalized as one of the five peers who voted in favor of unconditional repeal, accompanied by an explicit renouncement of the right of taxing America. In 1766 he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In 1770 he was made constable of the tower of London and vice-treasurer of Ireland. In December, 1775, having reached the grade of lieutenant-general, he was ordered to America, and embarked in the &ldquo;Bristol,&rdquo; of fifty guns, one of the fleet commanded by Sir Peter Parker. After a long delay at Cork for re-enforcements and a tempestuous voyage, the squadron reached the coast of the Carolinas in May, was defeated before Fort Moultrie in June, and then sailed northward to take part in the operations against New York. Lord Cornwallis took an active part in the battle of Long Island and the movements that followed down to the fall of Fort Washington. He then took possession of Fort Lee, which Greene had hastily abandoned, and conducted the pursuit of Washington's army through New Jersey. In December, considering Washington as disposed of and the war virtually at an end, Cornwallis returned to New York, intending to set sail for England. He had actually sent his luggage on board ship when the news of Washington's great stroke at Trenton upset his plans. He marched upon Trenton, and found the American army drawn up behind Assunpink creek in such a position that he hoped next day to capture it; but Washington, by a masterly device, withdrew during the night, marched around the left wing, and early in the morning routed his rear-guard at Princeton, causing him to retreat upon New Brunswick. In the brief campaign of June, 1777, when the British were compelled to abandon New Jersey, the most important part was taken by Cornwallis. At the battle of Brandywine, 11 Sept., he conducted a flanking march, which secured the defeat of the Americans. On 26 Sept. he occupied Philadelphia with the advance of the British army, and on 4 Oct. moved to the support of Gen. Howe at Germantown. In January, 1778, he returned to England on private business, but was again in America in May, and took part in the battle of Monmouth, 28 June. In December he was called back to England by the severe illness of his wife, who died soon afterward. Toward the end of 1779 he returned to America and accompanied Sir Henry Clinton on his expedition to South Carolina. In June, 1780, after the capture of Charleston, Sir Henry returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in the chief command at the south. His first adversary was the incompetent Gates, whom he defeated at Camden, 16 Aug., in the most disastrous battle ever fought by an American army. After this great victory Cornwallis proceeded to invade North Carolina; but he had gone no farther than Charlotte, in Mecklenburg county, in the midst of a bitterly hostile population, when he was obliged to fall back on hearing news of the overwhelming defeat of his subordinate Ferguson at King's Mountain, 7 Oct., by the highland militia. On his second advance northward he had the brilliant Greene to contend with, and disasters thickened around him. First his left wing under Tarleton was annihilated by Morgan at the Cowpens, 17 Jan., 1781; then Greene succeeded, in spite of him, in reuniting his main army with that of Morgan at Guilford Court-House, near the Virginia border, and at a great distance from Cornwallis's base of supplies. Thus forced to give battle against

superior numbers and in a most disadvantageous position, Lord Cornwallis fought with great skill and as much success as was possible under the circumstances. The battle at Guilford Court-House, 15 March, 1781, was, for the numbers engaged, one of the most obstinate on record. After losing one third of his force in killed and wounded, Cornwallis barely succeeded in keeping possession of the field, but found it necessary next day to retreat, leaving his wounded behind. He fell back to Wilmington, on the coast, where he might hope for support from the fleet. Greene pursued him about fifty miles, and then, leaving him quite to himself, faced about and marched rapidly back to South Carolina to undertake the reconquest of that state. The British army was so badly crippled that Cornwallis did not think it prudent to follow him, nor was he willing to acknowledge his defeat by embarking on the ships and returning to South Carolina by sea. At this juncture of affairs, hearing that Gen. Phillips had been sent with a considerable British force to Virginia, he decided to march northward and join him, hoping to deal a blow in Virginia, cut off Greene's connections with the northern states, and return to attack him with superior force. This plan was too extensive and hazardous to be likely to succeed. Cornwallis adopted it on the spur of the moment, on his own responsibility, and without waiting for his superior officer, Sir Henry Clinton, to sanction it; and in after-years it became the occasion of a bitter controversy between the two generals. On 25 April Cornwallis started from Wilmington, and on 20 May he effected a junction with Phillips at Petersburg. His hope of dealing a heavy blow was foiled by the youthful Lafayette, who commanded the American troops in Virginia and adopted a Fabian policy. Cornwallis pursued Lafayette unsuccessfully from Richmond to the Rapidan, then, after some fruitless raids upon Charlottesville and Albemarle Court-House, he returned to Richmond, and presently began his retreat from the peninsula, closely followed by Lafayette, who had been re-enforced by Steuben and Wayne, until he was now superior in numbers. The campaign was ended the last week in July, when Cornwallis occupied Yorktown, while Lafayette took up a strong position on Malvern Hill and awaited further developments. In retreating to Yorktown the British general hoped to secure re-enforcements by sea; but in August the Count de Grasse arrived on the coast of Virginia with a powerful French fleet, and for the first time in the war the British lost control of the water. Washington was not slow to avail himself of this rare opportunity, and by one if the most brilliant movements recorded in the history of warfare suddenly moved his army from the Hudson river to the James and invested Yorktown with an overwhelming force. Thus placed between a hostile fleet and an army that outnumbered him more than two to one, Cornwallis was obliged to surrender, 17 Oct., 1781. The commissioners of the two armies met in the Moore House (see illustration, page 745) to agree upon the terms of capitulation. Two months afterward, having been regularly exchanged, Lord Cornwallis, the defeated commander, returned to England.

In 1786, having been promoted to the rank of field-marshal, Cornwallis was appointed governor-general of India and commander-in-chief of the forces there. He was shortly afterward made a knight of the garter. In 1791-'2 he conducted in person the great war against Tippoo Sultan, captured Bangalore, invested Seringapatam, and concluded a treaty with Tippoo by which the latter